Effectively Managing Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effectively Managing Organizations - Essay Example The success of an organization depends on how effectively it manages its human resources. The purpose of this paper is to understand how to effectively manage an organization, especially one that has a culturally diverse workforce. With globalization more and more companies are setting up operations in foreign locations. As a result diversity issues have gained greater importance. Diversity issues if not managed at the right time and in the right way may result in loss of time, money and efficiency. It may also create tensions between people of different race, gender, ethnicity, abilities, age, etc. Increase in conflict always lead to loss of productivity. An organization will not be able to attract and retain talented people of different backgrounds. The need of the hour therefore in today’s world of globalization where many organizations have a diverse workforce is to build effective teams that can efficiently manage diversity and resolve conflicts that may arise because of diverse views. Diversity is not just about ethnicity, race and gender as many people think. It is much broader than that. According to Loden and Rosener (1990), diversity includes age, ethnicity, ancestry, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, religious beliefs, parental status, and work experience. These factors affect the performance and success of an organization. They also affect interactions with others. Hence it is necessary that diversity when present in an organization must be managed. Managing diversity is defined as "planning and implementing organizational systems and practices to manage people so that the potential advantages of diversity are maximized while its potential disadvantages are minimized," by Taylor Cox (1994). Any organization to be effective and to meet customers’ needs has to be flexible and adaptable. Managing

Encountering Conflict Essay Example for Free

Encountering Conflict Essay Encountering Conflict Conflict can both crush people and inspire people to greater heights. Conflict presents itself in various forms; it can occur in different places, can be intentional or unexpected and affect people in diverse ways. To survive people then need to develop coping mechanisms to overcome or at least begin their Journey of recovery. If they cannot do this, then they will not be able to move on. Conflict is a subject that everyone in the world faces on a day to day basis, but at different levels and emotions. Conflict can be exceptionally heart wrenching, by tearing people and amilies apart. But these wounds motivate many inspiring people who then make a difference. Conflict is a part of life; it cannot be avoided or put on hold. People from all around the world deal with conflict, in various ways and it affects people to a different extent. Throughout life, people may experience many conflicting situations, some are built by little ongoing problems, some explode and are left to dissolve, others are blown apart the pieces scattered, never to be put back together again. Conflict has been exposed and expressed in many films, novels and songs over the ears. The documentary Omagh by Pete Travis is an example of the devastation that conflict can wreck on lives. The film explains how conflict can affect innocent lives. For hundreds of years there has been tension between the Catholic Irish and Protestant English. This began as Ireland divided as a country due to religion but the tension increased with British interference in Northern Ireland. The documentary focuses on one specific event within the conflict which was the bombing in the Omagh high street. This caused 29 deaths and 220 injuries, of innocent people. The result left amilies crushed, broken hearted and dealing with their own conflict for a long time. The root of this devastation was religion; the Catholic Irish and Protestant English have fought for many years. Ironically the purpose of religion is to create peace, where as in Omagh it was the primary cause and branch of all the conflict. A very similar ongoing religious conflict is the fight for homeland between the Jewish and Zions (Israel and Palestinians conflict). The Jewish were sent from Israeli homelands many hundreds of years ago, but since have suffered persecution in Europe and now ish to return to their religious homeland of Israel. This however has been met with aggression by Palestinians and the Arab nations who now inhabit the area. Like the tension in Northern Ireland, peace is a long and painful patch to find. Conflict that has dwelled upon innocent lives has an impact on others who believe it should be brought to Justice. 1. 2 the Irish band wrote a song to express their feelings of their anger in response to the devastation in Omagh. One verse that stands out is: And the battles Just begun Theres many lost, but tell me who has won The trench is dug within our hearts And mothers, children, brothers, sisters torn apart. This particular verse links with the concept that conflict can devastate innocent people and their families, which are then being torn apart by the religion and also politicians in Omagh they did nothing. Thus people, like 132, stand up so hopefully the politicians can see that the conflict that has happened is still wounding many people lives, and that only they can bring it to Justice. So, conflict is a piece of everyones lives, even though you may shun conflict, it can come up unexpectedly. Omagh is an example of how conflict can be unexpected and totally crush lives. Conflict can also inspire people to create better lives for themselves and those around them. Kate Miller-Heidke wrote the song Caught in Crowd about a real story of lingering childhood regret. She wanted to raise awareness to people across the world, especially adolescents, of how bullying and peer pressure are causes of conflict. The song is about a relationship growing between a teenage girl and an outcast boy who is often bullied. It discusses how both had similarities, for example they both dealt ith conflict at home. Towards the end it talks about the boy getting thrown to the ground and him shouting out to her to help him. But she turned her back, and Just walked away. Kate Miller-Heidke encountered conflict and regrets the decision she made. Now she is motivated to make sure people of the younger generation do not make the same decision she made. Like Kate Miller- Heidke, Michael Gallagher, the father of Aidan Gallagher who was killed in the Omagh bombing wanted create a more satisfying life for himself, but also wanted to raise awareness that murders ere not being brought to Justice. He set up an Omagh Support and Self Help Group, which since 1998 have not stopped their fght. They have protested outside IRA meetings, written to the English Prime Minister and have talked to numerous newspapers but nothing has happened in relation towards the terrorist. In 2002, Michael Gallagher stated what happened in Omagh is still capable of happening in other towns. Because of him he has taught the world many lessons; the most important is never to give up on a Just cause Traumatic conflict can motivate people o immense heights, which can make an inspiring difference to our world today. Like Michael Gallagher, Glen McGrath lost a loved one and has not stopped fighting for what he believes in since his personal conflict. His wife, Jane was diagnosed with breast cancer. Jane McGrath had a passionate belief that every woman diagnosed with breast cancer in Australia should be able to benefit from the support of a specialist breast care nurse. Therefore, together they started up the McGrath Foundation in 2002. An additional aim of the project was to increase the awareness f breast cancer in younger women. Jane passed away at the age of 41 . Glen McGrath is more determined and devoted to the McGrath foundation by the inspiration of his loving wife. This proves that conflict can really touch people which motivates them to make a change, encouraging them to greater heights. These people have so much strength, their experiences power them on. Encountering painful conflict can bring out the best in people such as the old saying What doesnt kill us makes us stronger suggests people acknowledge they ave made a difference in the world and become satisfied. This is the beginning to the start of their Journey to recovery or acceptance. In the movie Omagh, Michael Gallagher, his wife and two daughters have not stopped fghting for the loss of their son, who was killed in the bombing. This tragedy caused conflict between the family, but they have learnt that they need to stick together to succeed their mission of family close, them standing up for what they believe in has helped them start their journey of recovery with each other. Another inspiration for making something out of terrible situation is in the novel Triage by Scott Anderson, the character Joaquin Morales managed to escape his village that was invaded. Joaquin lost his family dealing with the conflict of losing his family and survivors guilt. Joaquin become a psychologist for war criminals, hoping to change them and make them realise what monstrosities they caused. This would save many lives and hopefully bring peace to Spain. This experience helped Joaquin to begin his Journey of acceptance of what had happen to him. Joaquin quoted Im still here. Im still smiling meaning that he has learnt to live with himself after encountering conflict, which motivated him in saving many lives. Conflict is a subject that everyone in the world deals with everyday, from light issues to vigorous intensities. Conflict is incredibly powerful, it can tear people apart but it also brings the best out of many inspirational humans. Conflict can motivate people to extreme lengths which can make a huge difference in the world. These differences also help the individual to deal and maybe even overcome their own conflict.

SNCC :: essays research papers

SNCC The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh in April 1960. SNCC was created after a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. SNCC coordinated these sit-ins across the nation, supported their leaders, and publicized their activities. SNCC sought to affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of their purpose. In the violently changing political climate of the 60’s, SNCC struggled to define its purpose as it fought white oppression. Out of SNCC came some of today's black leaders, such as former Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry, Congressman John Lewis and NAACP chairman Julian Bond. Together with hundreds of other students, they left a lasting impact on American h istory. John Lewis was an influential SNCC leader and is recognized by most as one of the important leaders of the civil rights movement as a whole. In 1961, Lewis joined SNCC in the Freedom Rides. Riders traveled the South challenging segregation at interstate bus terminals. In 1963, when Chuck McDew stepped down as SNCC chairman, Lewis was quickly elected to take over. Lewis' experience at that point was already widely respected--he had been arrested 24 times as a result of his activism. In 1963, Lewis helped plan and took part in the March on Washington. At the age of 23, he was a keynote speaker at the historic event. He stepped down from his position in 1966. Stokeley Carmichael, a fellow Freedom Rider, was elected chairman of SNCC and soon after raised the cry of "black power." Some were alarmed by the concept of black power and many were critical of Carmichael's new approach. In the summer of 1964, SNCC organized the Mississippi Summer Project, which was an urgent call to action for students in Mississippi to challenge and overcome the white racism of their state. The Mississippi Summer Project had three goals: registering voters, operating Freedom Schools, and organizing the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) precincts. SNCC organized Freedom Days where they gathered black people together to collectively try to register to vote and Freedom Schools where they taught children, many of who couldn't yet read or write, to stand up and demand their freedom.

The Hours: A Story of Three Women Trapped in the Roles of Society :: Cunningham Hours Essays

The Hours: A Story of Three Women Trapped in the Roles of Society Many books have been written about women and their problems in life. "The Hours" is not just about women, It is a novel about life. It is about contemporary American society. "The Hours is about passion, depression, obsession and especially the ways women are shaped ,hindered and occasionally even inspired by masculine structures and expectations that engulf them"(1) It is a story that tells us how the behavior of mother can affect the life of a child. Three lives are intertwined through time and space to create a dynamic story. The book shows Laura depicting aspects of Woolf"s personality. They were both suffering from depression. Woolf committed suicide while Laura contemplated suicide. The effects of masculine structures and expectations from women pervade throughout the story. Virginia Woolf remains in Richmond because her husband is obeying the doctors even though she obviously dislikes Richmond. Laura was so devastated because she could not make the perfect cake for her husband. She was trying to play the role of the perfect mother and wife even though she was very unhappy. Clarrisan Vaughan spent so much time planning for a party that Richard did not want to attend. It is obvious that the women will keep themselves unhappy just to satisfy the needs of the men they are involved with. The only person who went against the grain was Laura Brown when she left her son . According to Ebert, Roger "Virginia and Leonard Woolf loved each other, Clarrisan treasures both of her lovers. But for the two in the movi e who cannot love, The price is devastating"(3).The effect is shown in how Richie, the little boy became Richard, the man that finally committed suicide to save himself from aids. Perhaps, If the mother had shown more love and had connected more to him, his life would have ended differently. "It is our great sadness and defeat when we can't connect because of madness or sadness of the soul or because of selfishness"(Vognar 2). This is depicted in both Virginia and Laura's life. The effect was suicide in Virginia's case and Laura abandoning her home. This ultimately led to Richard's death. It is interesting to note that only Laura survived in the family.

Mental Health Issues Among Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

This literature reappraisal aims at researching the Global load of HIV and its relationship with mental wellness, Identifying mental and psychological wellness issues experienced by the HIV positive patients. The reappraisal besides aims at analysing the effects of these mental wellness issues in disease patterned advance and overall impact of these issues on their quality of life. Furthermore, the reappraisal will besides research some of the Global and regional enterprises for proviso of mental wellness installations to this vulnerable population. Finally the reappraisal concludes with the critical assessment and spreads with my research inquiry and attack. Methodology/ Search scheme A systematic and comprehensive literature hunt was conducted to reexamine and analyse the bing literature on the topic under survey. A general to specific attack and skimming of the rubric and abstracts was followed to segregate relevant articles. Several nursing and non-nursing informations bases were searched. The hunt scheme is summarized in Figure. I. Initially the hunt was started from the Google bookman cyberspace based database to acquire clasp of the general position of the research job. The Google bookman hunt revealed more than 100,000 consequences which were refined through cardinal words. The hunt was built on with the cardinal words in nursing databases like CINAHL plus ( cumulative index to nursing and allied wellness literature ) , Medline and PubMed, Figure. I. For the intent of seeking more relevant surveies on the research job, lineage attack was followed ; commendations from already searched articles from the databases were used to track other surveies on the simil ar subject. Manual hunt was besides performed in AKUH periodicals like, Current sentiment in HIV and AIDS, HIV medical specialty and Journal of HIV/AIDS & A ; Social Services. This literature reappraisal paper is based on synthesis of 8 surveies and 2 literature reappraisals extracted from different beginnings, combination of Western and Asiatic context, and a combination of qualitative and quantitative surveies. Abstractions, conference proceedings and commentaries were excluded. However, WHO, UNAIDS and World Bank studies on HIV were included. No surveies were found from Pakistani context in respect to mental wellness issues among HIV patients. Background and significance of the Research job Global Burden of HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) remains a existent menace to the wellness and socioeconomic well-being of many of the states of the universe. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( 2011 ) planetary sum-up of the AIDS epidemic, the entire figure of people populating with HIV is 34.0 million out of which 30.7 million are grownups, 16.7 million are adult females and 3.3 million histories for kids & lt ; 15 old ages of age. There is a considerable fluctuation in tendencies globally. Kilmarx ( 2009 ) indicates a lessening in HIV prevalence in Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand, whereas increasing quickly in Pakistan, Vietnam, and some states of Indonesia. Furthermore, there is an increasing advancement of new infections in the really thickly settled states of Bangladesh and China. Ma, Zhang, He et Al ( 2007 ) lists the major factors lending towards HIV globally and in most Asiatic states which are, injection drug usage, sex work, male-male sex, and overlap in these behaviours. Relationship between HIV and mental wellness HIV is one of the most complicated societal challenges faced by modern-day societies due to its strong ties with sexual and social stigmatized behaviour. Asante ( 2012 ) states that one time diagnosed with HIV, it may take to lower self- regard, uneffective header and societal isolation and hapless psychological well-being. The WHO ( 2008 ) study on HIV AIDS and mental wellness comment mental wellness and HIV/AIDS as closely interlinked. Mental wellness jobs including substance maltreatment are associated with increased hazard of HIV infection and AIDS and interfere with their intervention. While on the other manus, some mental upsets occur as a direct consequence of HIV infection. It is of import to understand that mental wellness issues in HIV positive patients may be associated with negative experiences and hapless attachment to intervention regimens, taking to greater HIV hazard behaviour, and lower quality of life which is a critical factor in HIV attention and bar. WHO ( 2008 ) besides affirms the exposure of mental upsets that may interfere with the ability to get or utilize information about HIV and pattern safe behaviours. Collins, Hollman, Freeman, and Patel ( 2006 ) reveal that depression consequences in worst results for people populating with HIV and those with anxiousness, temper and substance maltreatment upsets demonstrate a less or decelerate response towards anti-retroviral therapy as compared to those without any mental unwellness. Critical Analysis of the Literature Based on the critical analysis of the research articles, following subjects were identified which are discussed in item below. The surveies were a combination of qualitative and quantitative, largely cross-sectional surveies with assorted methods. A assortment of tools were used in these surveies to analyze different facets e.g. demographic informations, behaviours and mental wellness issues. Prevalence of Mental Health issues among HIV positive persons World Health Organization ( 2008 ) study on HIV AIDS and mental wellness study higher rates of depression in HIV-positive people compared with control groups both in low- and high income states. Surveies in India have systematically reported a high prevalence of mental wellness jobs among HIV positive patients as compared to the general population ( Das & A ; Leibowitz, 2011 ) . Similar survey in United States besides reveals 22-32 % prevalence of depression in HIV infected persons which is 2-3 clip higher than prevalence of depression in general community ( Bing, et al. , 2001 ) . The findings from these surveies are important and thought arousing in footings of prevalence of mental wellness issues among HIV population as compared to controls. These findings suggest the demand for turn toing mental wellness issues pertinent to HIV population. Stigma and Discrimination A important figure of research workers reported that societal stigma and favoritism of HIV septic persons, ( Das & A ; Leibowitz, 2011 ; Li, Lee, Thammawijaya, Jiraphongsa, & A ; Rotheram-Borus, 2009 ) fright and weakness ( Whetten, Reif, Whetten, & A ; Murphy-McMillan, 2008 ) , cause greater mental and psychological convulsion which finally leads to mental wellness jobs. The stigma attached with being HIV positive creates a sense of ineptitude and the persons develop an attitude of conveying the virus as retaliation. Shin, et al. , ( 2011 ) performed a qualitative analysis to place the factors that contribute to hapless emotional wellness and its impact among Peruvian HIV-infected persons. Focus group treatments with patients and suppliers were conducted. Analysis revealed a thoughtful penetration into the profound impact of stigma, depression, isolation, and deficiency of societal support among these patients. Furthermore it was found that populating with HIV, contributed significa ntly to mental wellness jobs experienced by HIV-positive persons. The survey besides reported incidences of sing hopelessness, stigma, and socio-economic marginalisation of many of these patients one time diagnosed with HIV. These consequences were consistent with another survey by Jin, Zhao, Zhang, Feng, and Wu ( 2010 ) to look into the psychological position and the psychosocial experiences of HIV-positive people. The results of this survey suggest that HIV-positive people in eastern China besides suffered from psychological hurt and see a negative psychosocial environment one time stigmatized as HIV positive. These surveies reveal that HIV positive persons experience important stigma and favoritism which has a profound impact on their psychological and mental wellness and its association with their overall quality of life. Depression, Mood /Anxiety upsets and substance maltreatment In one of the survey by Bing, et al. , ( 2001 ) to mensurate the prevalence of mental upsets and drug usage among HIV positive persons in United States, half of the population screened positive for either one or more psychiatric upsets ( temper upsets, dysthymic depression, generalised anxiousness upsets and major depression ) . Furthermore, about half of the population reported usage of illicit drug out of which 12 % were drug dependant. Similar survey in Denmark by Rodkjaer, Laursen, Balle, and Sodemann, ( 2010 ) found to hold a 38 % prevalence of depression among the HIV positive participants. The normally reported mental wellness issues in assorted other surveies were found to be mood/ anxiousness diagnosing ( 39 % ) substance maltreatment ( 21 % ) clinically relevant depression ( 76 % ) and post-traumatic emphasis upset ( 11 % ) ( Pence, Miller, Whetten, Eron & A ; Gaynes, 2006 ) , depression 62.3 % and anxiousness 82.3 % severally ( Morrison, et al. , 2011 ) . Studies in India besides support the high prevalence of depressive upsets, anxiousness, accommodation upsets, self-destructive purposes and efforts and intoxicant dependance among HIV positive persons ( Collins, Hollman, freewoman & A ; Patel, 2006 ) . Whetten, Reif, Whetten, and Murphy-McMillan ( 2008 ) attributed mental unwellness including depression, anxiousness, and posttraumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) related to HIV, as associated with hapless wellness results including attachment to medicine regimens and HIV hazard behaviour, such as unprotected sex and needle sharing. The overall impact suggests the increased magnitude of mental wellness upsets including depression, substance maltreatment, general anxiousness upsets, self-destructive ideation, self-destructive efforts and substance maltreatment among HIV positive patients. Social support and internalized shame: Another subject which was found in few surveies was internalized shame and societal support. Li, Lee, Thammawijaya, Jiraphongsa, and Rotheram-Borus, ( 2009 ) carried out a research in Thailand to analyze relationship among HIV related stigma, internalized shame and societal support and its impact on quality of life of life of HIV positive persons. The consequences revealed a important negative association among societal support, internalized shame ( p= 0.001 ) and stigma ( p= & lt ; 0.05 ) . Furthermore important correlativity was found between depression and internalized shame ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) . Similar survey was sought in Ghana by Asante ( 2012 ) to look into the association between psychological well-being of HIV positives and societal support. Consequences revealed a negative association of depression, emphasis and anxiousness with societal support. This indicates that societal support is reciprocally relative to stigma, depression and internalized shame and some alterations i n the societal environment may take to successful psychological version towards HIV. Mental wellness services for HIV patients ; Global and regional positions The critical demand to turn to mental wellness issues among HIV population is recognized globally. However, Reif, Whetten & A ; Raper ( 2006 ) believes that important dearth in entree to mental wellness persists for this susceptible population. The WHO ( 2008 ) study on HIV/ AIDS and mental wellness proposed a series of faculties and developing stuff for integrating of mental wellness intercessions into antiretroviral therapy plans. However, the application and effectivity of these faculties have yet to be studied. Apart from WHO initiatives, Baingana, Thomas and Comblain ( 2005 ) affirms that The World Bank is presently â€Å" the largest long-run investor in the bar and extenuation of HIV/AIDS in developing states † ( p.2 ) . Despite holding identified mental wellness issues as â€Å" an of import emerging wellness job for developing market economic systems † ( p.2 ) , it has yet non significantly addressed the function of mental wellness in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. On the other manus, Khan and Hyder ( 2001 ) in their article reference that private academic centres in Pakistan have played their function in carry oning surveies related to HIV prevalence and cognition consciousness and besides supplying appropriate medical installations and reding the HIV patients and households but these installations are limited and general populace has less entree to them. The nature of reding nevertheless, is non explicitly defined by the writers. The analysis from the literature exhibits deficient informations in Pakistani cultural context sing mental wellness challenges of people populating with HIV, which could be used to supply the necessary services to run into the turning demands of HIV positive population. Hence, significant relevant information demands be collected in order to propose specific mental wellness services for these persons entirely. Critical assessment and Gaps After an in-depth critical reappraisal on the literature, it was found that up till now there has been a famine of research on the prevalence of HIV and its associated factors. However, limited researches have been done on the selected job of mental wellness issues among this population globally. Global Initiative on Psychiatry GIP ( 2008 ) clearly regards the deductions of untreated mental morbidity as both mental wellness and human rights issue. It farther emphasizes that the strong nexus between mental wellness and HIV is a fact but really small attending has been paid to this association. There seems a deficiency of grounds sing mental wellness issues in developing states like Pakistan. The grounds for this could be unequal informations, societal stigma attached to HIV in the state and under reported HIV instances ( Khan & A ; Hyder, 2001 ) .The groundss above ascertain the significance of the inquiry under survey. Furthermore, no grounds of such survey which could research the mental wellness issues of HIV positive persons in Pakistan was found during the literature hunt. Restatement of Research Question As portion of my thesis, my research inquiry after this reappraisal would be: â€Å" What mental wellness issues are prevailing among HIV positive patients in Pakistan, and what is the impact of these mental wellness issues in their perceptual experience, over disease patterned advance and quality of life? † This could be a assorted methodological analysis, i.e. a combination of qualitative and quantitative attack. Appropriate tools would be selected for measuring specific parts of the research inquiry after proof. Focus group treatments and interviews may be used where relevant to acquire the responses. Decision The analysis of the literature reveals that mental wellness jobs are widespread among the known HIV-positive patient population. These jobs include but are non limited to stigma, and societal isolation, anxiousness, major depression, substance maltreatment, station traumatic emphasis upsets, societal isolation and many more. The findings indicate that important attending to these issues in context of HIV intervention and bar must be warranted ( Whetten, Reif, Whetten, & A ; Murphy-McMillan, 2008 ) . The high prevalence of these upsets suggests the demand for more mental wellness attention installations for HIV-positive patients particularly in less developed and developing states like Pakistan. There is unequal guidance and psychiatric services available for this population particularly in low income states. The mental wellness intercession must non be undermined for these HIV positive persons. Healthcare bureaus must understand the psychosocial and socio cultural context of HIV, gua rantee intervention attachment and bar and work at their best to relieve mental wellness jobs among HIV positive patients. This vulnerable population calls for a suited place in the society and ensured optimal quality of life.

Tourism Industry and what way to travel is better

Tourism Industry and what way to travel is better Impact of Transportation on the Tourism Industry The Chicago convention that contains the basic rules for civil aviation signed by Franklin Roosevelt in December 1944 emphasized that the future development of air transport will create good relationship between nations and people around the world.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism Industry and what way to travel is better specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Air transport has become the foundation of the entire global society in terms of communication, economic, and social progress. Air travel created wealth and disclosed their potential for trade and tourism aspects. One of the cheapest ways to travel is using roads. In Britain, road transport for tourists is fulfilled by coaches, car hire, and taxis. Britain has route coaches that operate in different destinations and has the largest road transport network for its tourists. London buses provide the urban netw ork being a convenient way to get around the city offering sight seeing opportunity (Page Lumsdon, 2004, p. 115). The role in tourism and travel industry A study done by the Oxford Economic Forecasting on Air Transport Action Group, describes the main benefits of air transport and the way it should be sustainable. This Air Transport Action Group is a combination of independent companies and organizations in the air transport industry whose main objective is to improve infrastructure in a responsible way. Its global members include airlines, airports, navigation services, travel, tourism institutes, manufacturers, ground transportation, and communication providers (Parsch 2011, p. 64). The aviation sector and the civil aerospace are the main sectors of air transport industry. Development of Air transport in tourism Some factors have contributed to the rapid growth of this industry because of increased demand for trade and leisure purposes. Increased competition and efficiency have r educed airfares and improved trade in politically stable countries thereby promoting tourism. Trade done globally through purchases of goods and services such as energy sector, has grown due to the purchase of aircraft fuel as well as employment through aviation fuel (Wickham 2001, p. 106). IT in computer systems or people who manufacture retail goods are also a way of job creation.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the industry is in demand, its contribution to the global economy is great because the GDP per employer is higher. Employees are well trained, skilled and experienced. The industry carries out intensive research and development (Honey, 1999, p. 301). Countries are able to take part in the global market by means of providing way to the most important markets and promoting globalization of production. Countries can specialize in activities that ar e beneficial to their economies and trade with countries producing other goods and services. Improved air transport also enlarges the market in which companies operate enabling them to exploit other economies. It promotes competition to companies thereby boosting their efficiency. It improves efficiency in industries as it is easier and faster to transport and deliver goods (Cater Lowman, 1994, p. 611). Air travel is a trade facilitator that enables markets to get products to the market more quickly to their customers. According to North American Free Trade Agreement, many trade barriers have been removed. As most air cargos consist of manufactured products, world trade has improved because of air transport. Survey on financial and businesspersons indicate that they do consider air travel when meeting with their clients face-to-face, which is essential for winning new businesses and enhancing client relationships (Mowforth Munt, 1998, p. 234). The contribution of air travel on tou rism has improved because tourism depends fully on air transport to bring visitors. On the other hand, the transport industry depends on tourism to generate demand for its services. For example, Costa Rica is the second largest source of foreign exchange that provides resources needed for maintaining its national parks (Holden 2000, p.16).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism Industry and what way to travel is better specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Britain has numerous historical monuments, royal palaces and the world’s largest museums visited by tourists in the whole world. Air transport is the main means in the tourism industry. London has the greatest attraction sites in the world and the most visited modern art gallery, the Tate modern. The Brecon Beacon National Park in Whales is the most beautiful site in UK. It comprises ancient castles, market towns, and the craggy peaks (Cater Lowman 1994, p. 400). Jet aircrafts Recent modernized aircrafts are responsible for reducing environmental impacts by curbing the reduction of noise during takeoff and landing. They use less fuel and thus emission of carbon monoxide emitted in the air is reduced. By improving air travel management, the use of fuel has reduced. Transport is the main contributor to the advancement of modern society (Thomson Martin 2010, p. 218). The introduction of jet airlines has become essential to economic progress. The demand of air transport has increased rapidly on the global economy promoting efficiency, movement of people, exchange of currencies, goods, and services in markets around the entire world (Page Lumsdon 2004, p. 310). The development of jet aircrafts has led to the emergence of a new jet called the easy jet, which will create 120 jobs at Manchester airport. According to the Chief Executive officer Carolyn Mc Call, the aircraft will increase the efficiency of air transport in Manchester. This will benefit businesses and increase the number of business travelers (Fennell 2003, p. 345). The advancement and growth in the global airline industry have encouraged major technological innovation. In 1950, jet aircrafts were introduced for commercial use in the airline industry.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Later in the 1970s, wide body jumbo jets were introduced in the Global airline industry (Button 1993, p. 95). There are two types of fighter aircrafts, namely, Rocket powered fighters and jet powered fighters. Aircraft jets have been classified by generation for historical purposes. The first generation fighter jets were used in the First World War while jets of the second generation were used in the Korean War. The third and the fourth generations of aircrafts were characterized by sophisticated avionics and weapon systems developed by Colonel John Boyd. The fifth generation jet fighters introduced in 2005 were advanced due to the new technology and integrated systems of weapons (Mowforth Munt 1998, p. 63). Air jets on the budget of the United States will cost around $150 for constructing its flyaway unit and sharing the cost among the eight country partners will be at risk. The United States Air Force budget in 2010 projects the cost to be from 150 to 200 millions over the planne d production of F-35, and as the production cost increases there is likely to be a delay. The delay may lead to a fighter gap in which other countries and America will have less jets fighters for their use. The last sixth generation jet fighter is programmed to be introduced in the United States Air force and Navy by 2025-2030. Road transport in tourism A sit has already been mentioned, one of the cheapest ways to travel is by the using surface transportation. During the Olympic Games and paralytics games in 2012, London has boasted numerous visitors and tourists from all over the world via air travel, however, the city is admired and shown using surface types of transport, in other words, road transport. Visiting Britain helps in promoting tourism partners for the entire Britain and the world. Both international and domestic visitors use air and road transport to improve tourism in Britain. Travel mole is the largest global online community that gives information on travel and tour ism industry (Fennell 2003, p. 511). Transport and road transport services depend on the demand generated by other economic activities. Transportation cost is a component of a transaction that is important in market sand businesses. According to Culpan (1987, p. 546), modes for transportation and management are the major link with the international tourism. Development and accessibility in transportation have eased travelling. Road Transportation helps tourists to get to their desired destinations and areas; it also has an impact on tourism experience as stated by Page and Lumsdon (2004, p. 72). This explains the reason people visit a particular place. Thus, there appears the Increased demand for road transport that is being used by tourists. The improvement and maintaining the road network have increased the number of regional and international visitors, tutoring a destination has led to the fact that the number of quality roads has been increased. The increased growth in tourism s ector will see the creation of new tourist products (Cater Lowman, 1994, p. 420). Economic Benefits Air travel provides the only international network in tourism and the global business world wide as it facilitates economic growth. It has boosted the tourism industry because about 40% of the tourists travel by air (Wisner, Tan Leong 2008, p. 56). It has created direct and indirect employment both in services and the manufacturing of aircraft systems, purchasing of goods and services from industries and companies and improved social welfare through spending on industry employees. Through the direct and indirect job creation globally, air travel has created tourism jobs thereby improving the growth of the economy. Compared to other sectors, air transport as a capital-intensive business has a high productivity per worker (Holden 2000, p. 204). Air transport uses resources efficiently as compared to any other industry in Britain. The advantage of air travel compared to road and rail i s that it covers the whole of its infrastructure cost. Modern aircrafts use less fuel compared to the modern vehicles in the market therefore making it more efficient in fuel consumption. Using air transport is the only means of transport in far away places which are used in assisting social services. It improves the living standards of people by eliminating poverty. Air travel broadens ones horizons by numerous and endless destinations all over the world thus connecting people, in particular, friends, relatives, etc. By means of air transport, sustainable development is attained by facilitating trade and tourism in generating economic growth. In emergency cases such as earthquakes, floods and disastrous wars, air transport delivers humanitarian aid relief and ensures quick medical supplies when needed ( Mowforth Munt 1998, p. 290). Conclusion The development of air transport and road transport on trade and tourism has promoted economic and social progress and contributed to the ad vancement of modern day society by providing reliable information to governments in order to take responsibility in making decisions. Air travel has also responded to the growing demand for mobility by investing in safety and security improvements, new technology and business ( Mowforth Munt 1998, p. 292). List of References Button, K 1993, Transport: The environment and economic policy, Edward Elgar, New York. Cater, E Lowman, G 1994, Ecotourism: A sustainable option? Wiley J Sons, London. Fennell, D 2003, Ecotourism: An introduction, Routledge, London. Holden, A. 2000, Environment and tourism, Routledge, New York. Honey, M. 1999, Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? Island Press, Washington. Mowforth, M Munt, I 1998, Tourism and sustainability: new tourism in this world, Routledge, New York. Page, S Lumsdon, L 2004, Tourism and transport: Issues and agenda for the new millennium, Boston: Elsevier Parsch, A 2011, Non-Standard DOD Aircraft Designations Mit chell’s Theory: Air Space Power Course, College of Aerospace Doctrine, New York. Stephen, T 2011, XCLUSIVE: U.S. Air Force combat fleets true operational costs revealed, The Dew Line, London. Thomson, J Martin, F 2010, Strategic management, (6 edn.), Cengage Learning EMEA, London. Wickham, PA 2001, Strategic entrepreneurship: A decision making approach to new venture creation and management, Pearson Education, London. Wisner, J, Tan, K Leong, G 2008, Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach, Cengage Learning, New York.

Loanwords and Calques

Loanwords and Calques Loanwords and Calques Loanwords and Calques By Maeve Maddox A loanword comes more or less as is from one language to another. English abounds in them. For example: Latin: agenda, index, memorandum German: angst, blitz, bratwurst French: accident, chef, fierce Italian: concerto, pizza, scenario Japanese: bonsai, haiku, karaoke A calque [kÄÆ'lk] is an expression borrowed by way of literal translation from one language into another. For example: blue-blood: noble birth from Spanish sangre azul. The veins of the pure-blooded Spanish aristocrat, whose ancestry contained no Moorish admixture, were believed to be bluer than those of mixed ancestry (Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable). Devils advocate: one who advocates the opposing side from Latin advocatus diaboli). From the Roman Catholic canonization process in which reasons against canonization are presented by a designated devils advocate. flea market, a place selling secondhand goods, from French marchà © aux puces. Perhaps from the idea that old clothing may contain fleas. gospel, the teachings of the Christian New Testament. The literal meaning of the Old English word godspel was good news, a literal translation of Latin bona adnuntiatio, a translation of Gk. euangelion, reward for bringing good news. masterpiece: A work of outstanding artistry or skill from Dutch meesterstuk, the work that proved that a craftsman was ready to be a master of his craft. German has Meisterstà ¼ck. wisdom tooth: The hindmost molar tooth on each side of both upper and lower jaws in man, usually ‘cut’ about the age of twenty from Latin dentes sapientià ¦, from Greek sophronisteres, from sophron prudent, self-controlled. Hippocrates called them that because wisdom teeth usually appear at adulthood (17-25 years). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†20 Criminal Terms You Should Know