Effectively Managing Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effectively Managing Organizations - Essay Example The success of an organization depends on how effectively it manages its human resources. The purpose of this paper is to understand how to effectively manage an organization, especially one that has a culturally diverse workforce. With globalization more and more companies are setting up operations in foreign locations. As a result diversity issues have gained greater importance. Diversity issues if not managed at the right time and in the right way may result in loss of time, money and efficiency. It may also create tensions between people of different race, gender, ethnicity, abilities, age, etc. Increase in conflict always lead to loss of productivity. An organization will not be able to attract and retain talented people of different backgrounds. The need of the hour therefore in today’s world of globalization where many organizations have a diverse workforce is to build effective teams that can efficiently manage diversity and resolve conflicts that may arise because of diverse views. Diversity is not just about ethnicity, race and gender as many people think. It is much broader than that. According to Loden and Rosener (1990), diversity includes age, ethnicity, ancestry, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, religious beliefs, parental status, and work experience. These factors affect the performance and success of an organization. They also affect interactions with others. Hence it is necessary that diversity when present in an organization must be managed. Managing diversity is defined as "planning and implementing organizational systems and practices to manage people so that the potential advantages of diversity are maximized while its potential disadvantages are minimized," by Taylor Cox (1994). Any organization to be effective and to meet customers’ needs has to be flexible and adaptable. Managing

Encountering Conflict Essay Example for Free

Encountering Conflict Essay Encountering Conflict Conflict can both crush people and inspire people to greater heights. Conflict presents itself in various forms; it can occur in different places, can be intentional or unexpected and affect people in diverse ways. To survive people then need to develop coping mechanisms to overcome or at least begin their Journey of recovery. If they cannot do this, then they will not be able to move on. Conflict is a subject that everyone in the world faces on a day to day basis, but at different levels and emotions. Conflict can be exceptionally heart wrenching, by tearing people and amilies apart. But these wounds motivate many inspiring people who then make a difference. Conflict is a part of life; it cannot be avoided or put on hold. People from all around the world deal with conflict, in various ways and it affects people to a different extent. Throughout life, people may experience many conflicting situations, some are built by little ongoing problems, some explode and are left to dissolve, others are blown apart the pieces scattered, never to be put back together again. Conflict has been exposed and expressed in many films, novels and songs over the ears. The documentary Omagh by Pete Travis is an example of the devastation that conflict can wreck on lives. The film explains how conflict can affect innocent lives. For hundreds of years there has been tension between the Catholic Irish and Protestant English. This began as Ireland divided as a country due to religion but the tension increased with British interference in Northern Ireland. The documentary focuses on one specific event within the conflict which was the bombing in the Omagh high street. This caused 29 deaths and 220 injuries, of innocent people. The result left amilies crushed, broken hearted and dealing with their own conflict for a long time. The root of this devastation was religion; the Catholic Irish and Protestant English have fought for many years. Ironically the purpose of religion is to create peace, where as in Omagh it was the primary cause and branch of all the conflict. A very similar ongoing religious conflict is the fight for homeland between the Jewish and Zions (Israel and Palestinians conflict). The Jewish were sent from Israeli homelands many hundreds of years ago, but since have suffered persecution in Europe and now ish to return to their religious homeland of Israel. This however has been met with aggression by Palestinians and the Arab nations who now inhabit the area. Like the tension in Northern Ireland, peace is a long and painful patch to find. Conflict that has dwelled upon innocent lives has an impact on others who believe it should be brought to Justice. 1. 2 the Irish band wrote a song to express their feelings of their anger in response to the devastation in Omagh. One verse that stands out is: And the battles Just begun Theres many lost, but tell me who has won The trench is dug within our hearts And mothers, children, brothers, sisters torn apart. This particular verse links with the concept that conflict can devastate innocent people and their families, which are then being torn apart by the religion and also politicians in Omagh they did nothing. Thus people, like 132, stand up so hopefully the politicians can see that the conflict that has happened is still wounding many people lives, and that only they can bring it to Justice. So, conflict is a piece of everyones lives, even though you may shun conflict, it can come up unexpectedly. Omagh is an example of how conflict can be unexpected and totally crush lives. Conflict can also inspire people to create better lives for themselves and those around them. Kate Miller-Heidke wrote the song Caught in Crowd about a real story of lingering childhood regret. She wanted to raise awareness to people across the world, especially adolescents, of how bullying and peer pressure are causes of conflict. The song is about a relationship growing between a teenage girl and an outcast boy who is often bullied. It discusses how both had similarities, for example they both dealt ith conflict at home. Towards the end it talks about the boy getting thrown to the ground and him shouting out to her to help him. But she turned her back, and Just walked away. Kate Miller-Heidke encountered conflict and regrets the decision she made. Now she is motivated to make sure people of the younger generation do not make the same decision she made. Like Kate Miller- Heidke, Michael Gallagher, the father of Aidan Gallagher who was killed in the Omagh bombing wanted create a more satisfying life for himself, but also wanted to raise awareness that murders ere not being brought to Justice. He set up an Omagh Support and Self Help Group, which since 1998 have not stopped their fght. They have protested outside IRA meetings, written to the English Prime Minister and have talked to numerous newspapers but nothing has happened in relation towards the terrorist. In 2002, Michael Gallagher stated what happened in Omagh is still capable of happening in other towns. Because of him he has taught the world many lessons; the most important is never to give up on a Just cause Traumatic conflict can motivate people o immense heights, which can make an inspiring difference to our world today. Like Michael Gallagher, Glen McGrath lost a loved one and has not stopped fighting for what he believes in since his personal conflict. His wife, Jane was diagnosed with breast cancer. Jane McGrath had a passionate belief that every woman diagnosed with breast cancer in Australia should be able to benefit from the support of a specialist breast care nurse. Therefore, together they started up the McGrath Foundation in 2002. An additional aim of the project was to increase the awareness f breast cancer in younger women. Jane passed away at the age of 41 . Glen McGrath is more determined and devoted to the McGrath foundation by the inspiration of his loving wife. This proves that conflict can really touch people which motivates them to make a change, encouraging them to greater heights. These people have so much strength, their experiences power them on. Encountering painful conflict can bring out the best in people such as the old saying What doesnt kill us makes us stronger suggests people acknowledge they ave made a difference in the world and become satisfied. This is the beginning to the start of their Journey to recovery or acceptance. In the movie Omagh, Michael Gallagher, his wife and two daughters have not stopped fghting for the loss of their son, who was killed in the bombing. This tragedy caused conflict between the family, but they have learnt that they need to stick together to succeed their mission of family close, them standing up for what they believe in has helped them start their journey of recovery with each other. Another inspiration for making something out of terrible situation is in the novel Triage by Scott Anderson, the character Joaquin Morales managed to escape his village that was invaded. Joaquin lost his family dealing with the conflict of losing his family and survivors guilt. Joaquin become a psychologist for war criminals, hoping to change them and make them realise what monstrosities they caused. This would save many lives and hopefully bring peace to Spain. This experience helped Joaquin to begin his Journey of acceptance of what had happen to him. Joaquin quoted Im still here. Im still smiling meaning that he has learnt to live with himself after encountering conflict, which motivated him in saving many lives. Conflict is a subject that everyone in the world deals with everyday, from light issues to vigorous intensities. Conflict is incredibly powerful, it can tear people apart but it also brings the best out of many inspirational humans. Conflict can motivate people to extreme lengths which can make a huge difference in the world. These differences also help the individual to deal and maybe even overcome their own conflict.

SNCC :: essays research papers

SNCC The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh in April 1960. SNCC was created after a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. SNCC coordinated these sit-ins across the nation, supported their leaders, and publicized their activities. SNCC sought to affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of their purpose. In the violently changing political climate of the 60’s, SNCC struggled to define its purpose as it fought white oppression. Out of SNCC came some of today's black leaders, such as former Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry, Congressman John Lewis and NAACP chairman Julian Bond. Together with hundreds of other students, they left a lasting impact on American h istory. John Lewis was an influential SNCC leader and is recognized by most as one of the important leaders of the civil rights movement as a whole. In 1961, Lewis joined SNCC in the Freedom Rides. Riders traveled the South challenging segregation at interstate bus terminals. In 1963, when Chuck McDew stepped down as SNCC chairman, Lewis was quickly elected to take over. Lewis' experience at that point was already widely respected--he had been arrested 24 times as a result of his activism. In 1963, Lewis helped plan and took part in the March on Washington. At the age of 23, he was a keynote speaker at the historic event. He stepped down from his position in 1966. Stokeley Carmichael, a fellow Freedom Rider, was elected chairman of SNCC and soon after raised the cry of "black power." Some were alarmed by the concept of black power and many were critical of Carmichael's new approach. In the summer of 1964, SNCC organized the Mississippi Summer Project, which was an urgent call to action for students in Mississippi to challenge and overcome the white racism of their state. The Mississippi Summer Project had three goals: registering voters, operating Freedom Schools, and organizing the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) precincts. SNCC organized Freedom Days where they gathered black people together to collectively try to register to vote and Freedom Schools where they taught children, many of who couldn't yet read or write, to stand up and demand their freedom.

The Hours: A Story of Three Women Trapped in the Roles of Society :: Cunningham Hours Essays

The Hours: A Story of Three Women Trapped in the Roles of Society Many books have been written about women and their problems in life. "The Hours" is not just about women, It is a novel about life. It is about contemporary American society. "The Hours is about passion, depression, obsession and especially the ways women are shaped ,hindered and occasionally even inspired by masculine structures and expectations that engulf them"(1) It is a story that tells us how the behavior of mother can affect the life of a child. Three lives are intertwined through time and space to create a dynamic story. The book shows Laura depicting aspects of Woolf"s personality. They were both suffering from depression. Woolf committed suicide while Laura contemplated suicide. The effects of masculine structures and expectations from women pervade throughout the story. Virginia Woolf remains in Richmond because her husband is obeying the doctors even though she obviously dislikes Richmond. Laura was so devastated because she could not make the perfect cake for her husband. She was trying to play the role of the perfect mother and wife even though she was very unhappy. Clarrisan Vaughan spent so much time planning for a party that Richard did not want to attend. It is obvious that the women will keep themselves unhappy just to satisfy the needs of the men they are involved with. The only person who went against the grain was Laura Brown when she left her son . According to Ebert, Roger "Virginia and Leonard Woolf loved each other, Clarrisan treasures both of her lovers. But for the two in the movi e who cannot love, The price is devastating"(3).The effect is shown in how Richie, the little boy became Richard, the man that finally committed suicide to save himself from aids. Perhaps, If the mother had shown more love and had connected more to him, his life would have ended differently. "It is our great sadness and defeat when we can't connect because of madness or sadness of the soul or because of selfishness"(Vognar 2). This is depicted in both Virginia and Laura's life. The effect was suicide in Virginia's case and Laura abandoning her home. This ultimately led to Richard's death. It is interesting to note that only Laura survived in the family.

Mental Health Issues Among Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

This literature reappraisal aims at researching the Global load of HIV and its relationship with mental wellness, Identifying mental and psychological wellness issues experienced by the HIV positive patients. The reappraisal besides aims at analysing the effects of these mental wellness issues in disease patterned advance and overall impact of these issues on their quality of life. Furthermore, the reappraisal will besides research some of the Global and regional enterprises for proviso of mental wellness installations to this vulnerable population. Finally the reappraisal concludes with the critical assessment and spreads with my research inquiry and attack. Methodology/ Search scheme A systematic and comprehensive literature hunt was conducted to reexamine and analyse the bing literature on the topic under survey. A general to specific attack and skimming of the rubric and abstracts was followed to segregate relevant articles. Several nursing and non-nursing informations bases were searched. The hunt scheme is summarized in Figure. I. Initially the hunt was started from the Google bookman cyberspace based database to acquire clasp of the general position of the research job. The Google bookman hunt revealed more than 100,000 consequences which were refined through cardinal words. The hunt was built on with the cardinal words in nursing databases like CINAHL plus ( cumulative index to nursing and allied wellness literature ) , Medline and PubMed, Figure. I. For the intent of seeking more relevant surveies on the research job, lineage attack was followed ; commendations from already searched articles from the databases were used to track other surveies on the simil ar subject. Manual hunt was besides performed in AKUH periodicals like, Current sentiment in HIV and AIDS, HIV medical specialty and Journal of HIV/AIDS & A ; Social Services. This literature reappraisal paper is based on synthesis of 8 surveies and 2 literature reappraisals extracted from different beginnings, combination of Western and Asiatic context, and a combination of qualitative and quantitative surveies. Abstractions, conference proceedings and commentaries were excluded. However, WHO, UNAIDS and World Bank studies on HIV were included. No surveies were found from Pakistani context in respect to mental wellness issues among HIV patients. Background and significance of the Research job Global Burden of HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) remains a existent menace to the wellness and socioeconomic well-being of many of the states of the universe. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( 2011 ) planetary sum-up of the AIDS epidemic, the entire figure of people populating with HIV is 34.0 million out of which 30.7 million are grownups, 16.7 million are adult females and 3.3 million histories for kids & lt ; 15 old ages of age. There is a considerable fluctuation in tendencies globally. Kilmarx ( 2009 ) indicates a lessening in HIV prevalence in Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand, whereas increasing quickly in Pakistan, Vietnam, and some states of Indonesia. Furthermore, there is an increasing advancement of new infections in the really thickly settled states of Bangladesh and China. Ma, Zhang, He et Al ( 2007 ) lists the major factors lending towards HIV globally and in most Asiatic states which are, injection drug usage, sex work, male-male sex, and overlap in these behaviours. Relationship between HIV and mental wellness HIV is one of the most complicated societal challenges faced by modern-day societies due to its strong ties with sexual and social stigmatized behaviour. Asante ( 2012 ) states that one time diagnosed with HIV, it may take to lower self- regard, uneffective header and societal isolation and hapless psychological well-being. The WHO ( 2008 ) study on HIV AIDS and mental wellness comment mental wellness and HIV/AIDS as closely interlinked. Mental wellness jobs including substance maltreatment are associated with increased hazard of HIV infection and AIDS and interfere with their intervention. While on the other manus, some mental upsets occur as a direct consequence of HIV infection. It is of import to understand that mental wellness issues in HIV positive patients may be associated with negative experiences and hapless attachment to intervention regimens, taking to greater HIV hazard behaviour, and lower quality of life which is a critical factor in HIV attention and bar. WHO ( 2008 ) besides affirms the exposure of mental upsets that may interfere with the ability to get or utilize information about HIV and pattern safe behaviours. Collins, Hollman, Freeman, and Patel ( 2006 ) reveal that depression consequences in worst results for people populating with HIV and those with anxiousness, temper and substance maltreatment upsets demonstrate a less or decelerate response towards anti-retroviral therapy as compared to those without any mental unwellness. Critical Analysis of the Literature Based on the critical analysis of the research articles, following subjects were identified which are discussed in item below. The surveies were a combination of qualitative and quantitative, largely cross-sectional surveies with assorted methods. A assortment of tools were used in these surveies to analyze different facets e.g. demographic informations, behaviours and mental wellness issues. Prevalence of Mental Health issues among HIV positive persons World Health Organization ( 2008 ) study on HIV AIDS and mental wellness study higher rates of depression in HIV-positive people compared with control groups both in low- and high income states. Surveies in India have systematically reported a high prevalence of mental wellness jobs among HIV positive patients as compared to the general population ( Das & A ; Leibowitz, 2011 ) . Similar survey in United States besides reveals 22-32 % prevalence of depression in HIV infected persons which is 2-3 clip higher than prevalence of depression in general community ( Bing, et al. , 2001 ) . The findings from these surveies are important and thought arousing in footings of prevalence of mental wellness issues among HIV population as compared to controls. These findings suggest the demand for turn toing mental wellness issues pertinent to HIV population. Stigma and Discrimination A important figure of research workers reported that societal stigma and favoritism of HIV septic persons, ( Das & A ; Leibowitz, 2011 ; Li, Lee, Thammawijaya, Jiraphongsa, & A ; Rotheram-Borus, 2009 ) fright and weakness ( Whetten, Reif, Whetten, & A ; Murphy-McMillan, 2008 ) , cause greater mental and psychological convulsion which finally leads to mental wellness jobs. The stigma attached with being HIV positive creates a sense of ineptitude and the persons develop an attitude of conveying the virus as retaliation. Shin, et al. , ( 2011 ) performed a qualitative analysis to place the factors that contribute to hapless emotional wellness and its impact among Peruvian HIV-infected persons. Focus group treatments with patients and suppliers were conducted. Analysis revealed a thoughtful penetration into the profound impact of stigma, depression, isolation, and deficiency of societal support among these patients. Furthermore it was found that populating with HIV, contributed significa ntly to mental wellness jobs experienced by HIV-positive persons. The survey besides reported incidences of sing hopelessness, stigma, and socio-economic marginalisation of many of these patients one time diagnosed with HIV. These consequences were consistent with another survey by Jin, Zhao, Zhang, Feng, and Wu ( 2010 ) to look into the psychological position and the psychosocial experiences of HIV-positive people. The results of this survey suggest that HIV-positive people in eastern China besides suffered from psychological hurt and see a negative psychosocial environment one time stigmatized as HIV positive. These surveies reveal that HIV positive persons experience important stigma and favoritism which has a profound impact on their psychological and mental wellness and its association with their overall quality of life. Depression, Mood /Anxiety upsets and substance maltreatment In one of the survey by Bing, et al. , ( 2001 ) to mensurate the prevalence of mental upsets and drug usage among HIV positive persons in United States, half of the population screened positive for either one or more psychiatric upsets ( temper upsets, dysthymic depression, generalised anxiousness upsets and major depression ) . Furthermore, about half of the population reported usage of illicit drug out of which 12 % were drug dependant. Similar survey in Denmark by Rodkjaer, Laursen, Balle, and Sodemann, ( 2010 ) found to hold a 38 % prevalence of depression among the HIV positive participants. The normally reported mental wellness issues in assorted other surveies were found to be mood/ anxiousness diagnosing ( 39 % ) substance maltreatment ( 21 % ) clinically relevant depression ( 76 % ) and post-traumatic emphasis upset ( 11 % ) ( Pence, Miller, Whetten, Eron & A ; Gaynes, 2006 ) , depression 62.3 % and anxiousness 82.3 % severally ( Morrison, et al. , 2011 ) . Studies in India besides support the high prevalence of depressive upsets, anxiousness, accommodation upsets, self-destructive purposes and efforts and intoxicant dependance among HIV positive persons ( Collins, Hollman, freewoman & A ; Patel, 2006 ) . Whetten, Reif, Whetten, and Murphy-McMillan ( 2008 ) attributed mental unwellness including depression, anxiousness, and posttraumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) related to HIV, as associated with hapless wellness results including attachment to medicine regimens and HIV hazard behaviour, such as unprotected sex and needle sharing. The overall impact suggests the increased magnitude of mental wellness upsets including depression, substance maltreatment, general anxiousness upsets, self-destructive ideation, self-destructive efforts and substance maltreatment among HIV positive patients. Social support and internalized shame: Another subject which was found in few surveies was internalized shame and societal support. Li, Lee, Thammawijaya, Jiraphongsa, and Rotheram-Borus, ( 2009 ) carried out a research in Thailand to analyze relationship among HIV related stigma, internalized shame and societal support and its impact on quality of life of life of HIV positive persons. The consequences revealed a important negative association among societal support, internalized shame ( p= 0.001 ) and stigma ( p= & lt ; 0.05 ) . Furthermore important correlativity was found between depression and internalized shame ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) . Similar survey was sought in Ghana by Asante ( 2012 ) to look into the association between psychological well-being of HIV positives and societal support. Consequences revealed a negative association of depression, emphasis and anxiousness with societal support. This indicates that societal support is reciprocally relative to stigma, depression and internalized shame and some alterations i n the societal environment may take to successful psychological version towards HIV. Mental wellness services for HIV patients ; Global and regional positions The critical demand to turn to mental wellness issues among HIV population is recognized globally. However, Reif, Whetten & A ; Raper ( 2006 ) believes that important dearth in entree to mental wellness persists for this susceptible population. The WHO ( 2008 ) study on HIV/ AIDS and mental wellness proposed a series of faculties and developing stuff for integrating of mental wellness intercessions into antiretroviral therapy plans. However, the application and effectivity of these faculties have yet to be studied. Apart from WHO initiatives, Baingana, Thomas and Comblain ( 2005 ) affirms that The World Bank is presently â€Å" the largest long-run investor in the bar and extenuation of HIV/AIDS in developing states † ( p.2 ) . Despite holding identified mental wellness issues as â€Å" an of import emerging wellness job for developing market economic systems † ( p.2 ) , it has yet non significantly addressed the function of mental wellness in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. On the other manus, Khan and Hyder ( 2001 ) in their article reference that private academic centres in Pakistan have played their function in carry oning surveies related to HIV prevalence and cognition consciousness and besides supplying appropriate medical installations and reding the HIV patients and households but these installations are limited and general populace has less entree to them. The nature of reding nevertheless, is non explicitly defined by the writers. The analysis from the literature exhibits deficient informations in Pakistani cultural context sing mental wellness challenges of people populating with HIV, which could be used to supply the necessary services to run into the turning demands of HIV positive population. Hence, significant relevant information demands be collected in order to propose specific mental wellness services for these persons entirely. Critical assessment and Gaps After an in-depth critical reappraisal on the literature, it was found that up till now there has been a famine of research on the prevalence of HIV and its associated factors. However, limited researches have been done on the selected job of mental wellness issues among this population globally. Global Initiative on Psychiatry GIP ( 2008 ) clearly regards the deductions of untreated mental morbidity as both mental wellness and human rights issue. It farther emphasizes that the strong nexus between mental wellness and HIV is a fact but really small attending has been paid to this association. There seems a deficiency of grounds sing mental wellness issues in developing states like Pakistan. The grounds for this could be unequal informations, societal stigma attached to HIV in the state and under reported HIV instances ( Khan & A ; Hyder, 2001 ) .The groundss above ascertain the significance of the inquiry under survey. Furthermore, no grounds of such survey which could research the mental wellness issues of HIV positive persons in Pakistan was found during the literature hunt. Restatement of Research Question As portion of my thesis, my research inquiry after this reappraisal would be: â€Å" What mental wellness issues are prevailing among HIV positive patients in Pakistan, and what is the impact of these mental wellness issues in their perceptual experience, over disease patterned advance and quality of life? † This could be a assorted methodological analysis, i.e. a combination of qualitative and quantitative attack. Appropriate tools would be selected for measuring specific parts of the research inquiry after proof. Focus group treatments and interviews may be used where relevant to acquire the responses. Decision The analysis of the literature reveals that mental wellness jobs are widespread among the known HIV-positive patient population. These jobs include but are non limited to stigma, and societal isolation, anxiousness, major depression, substance maltreatment, station traumatic emphasis upsets, societal isolation and many more. The findings indicate that important attending to these issues in context of HIV intervention and bar must be warranted ( Whetten, Reif, Whetten, & A ; Murphy-McMillan, 2008 ) . The high prevalence of these upsets suggests the demand for more mental wellness attention installations for HIV-positive patients particularly in less developed and developing states like Pakistan. There is unequal guidance and psychiatric services available for this population particularly in low income states. The mental wellness intercession must non be undermined for these HIV positive persons. Healthcare bureaus must understand the psychosocial and socio cultural context of HIV, gua rantee intervention attachment and bar and work at their best to relieve mental wellness jobs among HIV positive patients. This vulnerable population calls for a suited place in the society and ensured optimal quality of life.

Tourism Industry and what way to travel is better

Tourism Industry and what way to travel is better Impact of Transportation on the Tourism Industry The Chicago convention that contains the basic rules for civil aviation signed by Franklin Roosevelt in December 1944 emphasized that the future development of air transport will create good relationship between nations and people around the world.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism Industry and what way to travel is better specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Air transport has become the foundation of the entire global society in terms of communication, economic, and social progress. Air travel created wealth and disclosed their potential for trade and tourism aspects. One of the cheapest ways to travel is using roads. In Britain, road transport for tourists is fulfilled by coaches, car hire, and taxis. Britain has route coaches that operate in different destinations and has the largest road transport network for its tourists. London buses provide the urban netw ork being a convenient way to get around the city offering sight seeing opportunity (Page Lumsdon, 2004, p. 115). The role in tourism and travel industry A study done by the Oxford Economic Forecasting on Air Transport Action Group, describes the main benefits of air transport and the way it should be sustainable. This Air Transport Action Group is a combination of independent companies and organizations in the air transport industry whose main objective is to improve infrastructure in a responsible way. Its global members include airlines, airports, navigation services, travel, tourism institutes, manufacturers, ground transportation, and communication providers (Parsch 2011, p. 64). The aviation sector and the civil aerospace are the main sectors of air transport industry. Development of Air transport in tourism Some factors have contributed to the rapid growth of this industry because of increased demand for trade and leisure purposes. Increased competition and efficiency have r educed airfares and improved trade in politically stable countries thereby promoting tourism. Trade done globally through purchases of goods and services such as energy sector, has grown due to the purchase of aircraft fuel as well as employment through aviation fuel (Wickham 2001, p. 106). IT in computer systems or people who manufacture retail goods are also a way of job creation.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the industry is in demand, its contribution to the global economy is great because the GDP per employer is higher. Employees are well trained, skilled and experienced. The industry carries out intensive research and development (Honey, 1999, p. 301). Countries are able to take part in the global market by means of providing way to the most important markets and promoting globalization of production. Countries can specialize in activities that ar e beneficial to their economies and trade with countries producing other goods and services. Improved air transport also enlarges the market in which companies operate enabling them to exploit other economies. It promotes competition to companies thereby boosting their efficiency. It improves efficiency in industries as it is easier and faster to transport and deliver goods (Cater Lowman, 1994, p. 611). Air travel is a trade facilitator that enables markets to get products to the market more quickly to their customers. According to North American Free Trade Agreement, many trade barriers have been removed. As most air cargos consist of manufactured products, world trade has improved because of air transport. Survey on financial and businesspersons indicate that they do consider air travel when meeting with their clients face-to-face, which is essential for winning new businesses and enhancing client relationships (Mowforth Munt, 1998, p. 234). The contribution of air travel on tou rism has improved because tourism depends fully on air transport to bring visitors. On the other hand, the transport industry depends on tourism to generate demand for its services. For example, Costa Rica is the second largest source of foreign exchange that provides resources needed for maintaining its national parks (Holden 2000, p.16).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism Industry and what way to travel is better specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Britain has numerous historical monuments, royal palaces and the world’s largest museums visited by tourists in the whole world. Air transport is the main means in the tourism industry. London has the greatest attraction sites in the world and the most visited modern art gallery, the Tate modern. The Brecon Beacon National Park in Whales is the most beautiful site in UK. It comprises ancient castles, market towns, and the craggy peaks (Cater Lowman 1994, p. 400). Jet aircrafts Recent modernized aircrafts are responsible for reducing environmental impacts by curbing the reduction of noise during takeoff and landing. They use less fuel and thus emission of carbon monoxide emitted in the air is reduced. By improving air travel management, the use of fuel has reduced. Transport is the main contributor to the advancement of modern society (Thomson Martin 2010, p. 218). The introduction of jet airlines has become essential to economic progress. The demand of air transport has increased rapidly on the global economy promoting efficiency, movement of people, exchange of currencies, goods, and services in markets around the entire world (Page Lumsdon 2004, p. 310). The development of jet aircrafts has led to the emergence of a new jet called the easy jet, which will create 120 jobs at Manchester airport. According to the Chief Executive officer Carolyn Mc Call, the aircraft will increase the efficiency of air transport in Manchester. This will benefit businesses and increase the number of business travelers (Fennell 2003, p. 345). The advancement and growth in the global airline industry have encouraged major technological innovation. In 1950, jet aircrafts were introduced for commercial use in the airline industry.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Later in the 1970s, wide body jumbo jets were introduced in the Global airline industry (Button 1993, p. 95). There are two types of fighter aircrafts, namely, Rocket powered fighters and jet powered fighters. Aircraft jets have been classified by generation for historical purposes. The first generation fighter jets were used in the First World War while jets of the second generation were used in the Korean War. The third and the fourth generations of aircrafts were characterized by sophisticated avionics and weapon systems developed by Colonel John Boyd. The fifth generation jet fighters introduced in 2005 were advanced due to the new technology and integrated systems of weapons (Mowforth Munt 1998, p. 63). Air jets on the budget of the United States will cost around $150 for constructing its flyaway unit and sharing the cost among the eight country partners will be at risk. The United States Air Force budget in 2010 projects the cost to be from 150 to 200 millions over the planne d production of F-35, and as the production cost increases there is likely to be a delay. The delay may lead to a fighter gap in which other countries and America will have less jets fighters for their use. The last sixth generation jet fighter is programmed to be introduced in the United States Air force and Navy by 2025-2030. Road transport in tourism A sit has already been mentioned, one of the cheapest ways to travel is by the using surface transportation. During the Olympic Games and paralytics games in 2012, London has boasted numerous visitors and tourists from all over the world via air travel, however, the city is admired and shown using surface types of transport, in other words, road transport. Visiting Britain helps in promoting tourism partners for the entire Britain and the world. Both international and domestic visitors use air and road transport to improve tourism in Britain. Travel mole is the largest global online community that gives information on travel and tour ism industry (Fennell 2003, p. 511). Transport and road transport services depend on the demand generated by other economic activities. Transportation cost is a component of a transaction that is important in market sand businesses. According to Culpan (1987, p. 546), modes for transportation and management are the major link with the international tourism. Development and accessibility in transportation have eased travelling. Road Transportation helps tourists to get to their desired destinations and areas; it also has an impact on tourism experience as stated by Page and Lumsdon (2004, p. 72). This explains the reason people visit a particular place. Thus, there appears the Increased demand for road transport that is being used by tourists. The improvement and maintaining the road network have increased the number of regional and international visitors, tutoring a destination has led to the fact that the number of quality roads has been increased. The increased growth in tourism s ector will see the creation of new tourist products (Cater Lowman, 1994, p. 420). Economic Benefits Air travel provides the only international network in tourism and the global business world wide as it facilitates economic growth. It has boosted the tourism industry because about 40% of the tourists travel by air (Wisner, Tan Leong 2008, p. 56). It has created direct and indirect employment both in services and the manufacturing of aircraft systems, purchasing of goods and services from industries and companies and improved social welfare through spending on industry employees. Through the direct and indirect job creation globally, air travel has created tourism jobs thereby improving the growth of the economy. Compared to other sectors, air transport as a capital-intensive business has a high productivity per worker (Holden 2000, p. 204). Air transport uses resources efficiently as compared to any other industry in Britain. The advantage of air travel compared to road and rail i s that it covers the whole of its infrastructure cost. Modern aircrafts use less fuel compared to the modern vehicles in the market therefore making it more efficient in fuel consumption. Using air transport is the only means of transport in far away places which are used in assisting social services. It improves the living standards of people by eliminating poverty. Air travel broadens ones horizons by numerous and endless destinations all over the world thus connecting people, in particular, friends, relatives, etc. By means of air transport, sustainable development is attained by facilitating trade and tourism in generating economic growth. In emergency cases such as earthquakes, floods and disastrous wars, air transport delivers humanitarian aid relief and ensures quick medical supplies when needed ( Mowforth Munt 1998, p. 290). Conclusion The development of air transport and road transport on trade and tourism has promoted economic and social progress and contributed to the ad vancement of modern day society by providing reliable information to governments in order to take responsibility in making decisions. Air travel has also responded to the growing demand for mobility by investing in safety and security improvements, new technology and business ( Mowforth Munt 1998, p. 292). List of References Button, K 1993, Transport: The environment and economic policy, Edward Elgar, New York. Cater, E Lowman, G 1994, Ecotourism: A sustainable option? Wiley J Sons, London. Fennell, D 2003, Ecotourism: An introduction, Routledge, London. Holden, A. 2000, Environment and tourism, Routledge, New York. Honey, M. 1999, Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? Island Press, Washington. Mowforth, M Munt, I 1998, Tourism and sustainability: new tourism in this world, Routledge, New York. Page, S Lumsdon, L 2004, Tourism and transport: Issues and agenda for the new millennium, Boston: Elsevier Parsch, A 2011, Non-Standard DOD Aircraft Designations Mit chell’s Theory: Air Space Power Course, College of Aerospace Doctrine, New York. Stephen, T 2011, XCLUSIVE: U.S. Air Force combat fleets true operational costs revealed, The Dew Line, London. Thomson, J Martin, F 2010, Strategic management, (6 edn.), Cengage Learning EMEA, London. Wickham, PA 2001, Strategic entrepreneurship: A decision making approach to new venture creation and management, Pearson Education, London. Wisner, J, Tan, K Leong, G 2008, Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach, Cengage Learning, New York.

Loanwords and Calques

Loanwords and Calques Loanwords and Calques Loanwords and Calques By Maeve Maddox A loanword comes more or less as is from one language to another. English abounds in them. For example: Latin: agenda, index, memorandum German: angst, blitz, bratwurst French: accident, chef, fierce Italian: concerto, pizza, scenario Japanese: bonsai, haiku, karaoke A calque [kÄÆ'lk] is an expression borrowed by way of literal translation from one language into another. For example: blue-blood: noble birth from Spanish sangre azul. The veins of the pure-blooded Spanish aristocrat, whose ancestry contained no Moorish admixture, were believed to be bluer than those of mixed ancestry (Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable). Devils advocate: one who advocates the opposing side from Latin advocatus diaboli). From the Roman Catholic canonization process in which reasons against canonization are presented by a designated devils advocate. flea market, a place selling secondhand goods, from French marchà © aux puces. Perhaps from the idea that old clothing may contain fleas. gospel, the teachings of the Christian New Testament. The literal meaning of the Old English word godspel was good news, a literal translation of Latin bona adnuntiatio, a translation of Gk. euangelion, reward for bringing good news. masterpiece: A work of outstanding artistry or skill from Dutch meesterstuk, the work that proved that a craftsman was ready to be a master of his craft. German has Meisterstà ¼ck. wisdom tooth: The hindmost molar tooth on each side of both upper and lower jaws in man, usually ‘cut’ about the age of twenty from Latin dentes sapientià ¦, from Greek sophronisteres, from sophron prudent, self-controlled. Hippocrates called them that because wisdom teeth usually appear at adulthood (17-25 years). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

Biography of Willem de Kooning, Abstract Expressionist

Biography of Willem de Kooning, Abstract Expressionist Willem de Kooning (April 24, 1904 - March 19, 1997) was a Dutch-American artist known as a leader of the Abstract Expressionist movement of the 1950s. He was noted for combining the influences of Cubism, Expressionism, and Surrealism into an idiosyncratic style. Fast Facts: Willem de Kooning Born: April 24, 1904, in Rotterdam, NetherlandsDied: March 19, 1997, in East Hampton, New YorkSpouse: Elaine Fried (m. 1943)Artistic Movement: Abstract ExpressionismSelected Works: Woman III (1953), July 4th (1957), Clamdigger (1976)Key Accomplishment: Presidential Medal of Freedom (1964)Interesting Fact: He became a U.S. citizen in 1962Notable Quote: I dont paint to live. I live to paint. Early Life and Career Willem de Kooning was born and raised in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. His parents divorced when he was 3 years old. He left school at age 12 and became an apprentice to commercial artists. For the next eight years, he enrolled in evening classes at the Academy of Fine Arts and Applied Sciences of Rotterdam, which has since been renamed the Willem de Kooning Academie. Henry Bowden / Getty Images When he was 21 years old, de Kooning traveled to America as a stowaway on the British freighter Shelley. Its destination was Buenos Aires, Argentina, but de Kooning left the ship when it docked in Newport News, Virginia. He found his way north toward New York City and temporarily lived at the Dutch Seamens Home in Hoboken, New Jersey. A short time later, in 1927, Willem de Kooning opened his first studio in Manhattan and supported his art with outside employment in commercial art such as store window designs and advertising. In 1928, he joined an artists colony in Woodstock, New York, and met some of the top modernist painters of the era, including Arshile Gorky. Leader of Abstract Expressionism In the mid-1940s, Willem de Kooning began working on a series of black and white abstract paintings because he could not afford the expensive pigments needed for working in color. They were the majority of his first solo show at the Charles Egan Gallery in 1948. By the end of the decade, considered one of Manhattans top rising artists, de Kooning began adding color to his work. Willem De Koonings Untitled XXI (est $25-35m) from the collection of A. Alfred Taubman is displayed as part of the Frieze week exhibition at Sothebys on October 10, 2015 in London, England. Tristan Fewings / Getty Images The painting Woman I, which de Kooning began in 1950, completed in 1952, and exhibited at the Sidney Janis Gallery in 1953, became his breakthrough work. New Yorks Museum of Modern Art purchased the piece which confirmed his reputation. As de Kooning became considered a leader of the abstract expressionist movement, his style was distinctive through the fact that he never wholly abandoned representation by making women one of his most common subjects. A member of staff poses next to paintings by Dutch American artist Willem de Kooning entitled Woman (L), Woman II (C) and Woman as Landscape (R) at the Royal Academy of Arts on September 20, 2016 in London, England. Carl Court / Getty Images Woman III (1953) is celebrated for its depiction of a woman as aggressive and highly erotic. Willem de Kooning painted her as a response to idealized portraits of women in the past. Later observers complained that de Koonings paintings sometimes crossed the border into misogyny. De Kooning had a close personal and professional relationship with Franz Kline. The influence of Klines bold strokes can be seen in much of Willem de Koonings work. Late in the 1950s, de Kooning began work on a series of landscapes executed in his idiosyncratic style. Noted pieces like July 4th (1957) clearly show Klines impact. The influence was not a one-way transaction. During the late 1950s, Kline began adding color to his work perhaps as part of his relationship with de Kooning. Employees pose with Untitled XIX 1982 by Willem De Kooning (estimate $6M - 8M) during a photocall for the Peggy and David Rockefeller art collection at Christies auction house on February 20, 2018 in London, England. Jack Taylor / Getty Images Marriage and Personal Life Willem de Kooning met the young artist Elaine Fried in 1938 and soon took her on as an apprentice. They married in 1943. She became an accomplished abstract expressionist artist in her own right, but her work was often overshadowed by her efforts to promote the work of her husband. They had a stormy marriage with each of them open about having affairs with others. They separated in the late 1950s but never divorced and reunited in 1976, remaining together until Willem de Koonings death in 1997. De Kooning had one child, Lisa, through an affair with Joan Ward after his separation from Elaine. Willem de Kooning with daughter, Lisa. Images Press / Getty Images Later Life and Legacy De Kooning applied his style to the creation of sculptures in the 1970s. Among the most prominent of those is Clamdigger (1976). His late period painting was characterized by bold, brightly-colored abstract work. The designs are simpler than his earlier work. A revelation in the 1990s that de Kooning had suffered from Alzheimers disease for multiple years led some to question his role in the creation of the late-career paintings. Willem de Kooning is remembered for his bold fusion of Cubism, Expressionism, and Surrealism. His work is a bridge between the formal subject concerns of the experiments in abstraction by artists such as Pablo Picasso, and the complete abstraction of an artist like Jackson Pollock. Sources Stevens, Mark, and Annalynn Swan. de Kooning: An American Master. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.

Marketing of services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing of services - Essay Example The political system of the country provides favourable business framework for companies to operate efficiently and ethically (Clayton Utz 2012). Technological Australia is recognised to be a technologically developed country which adopts latest technology rapidly which further facilitates organisations to ensure greater competitive advantages (Clayton Utz 2012). The intellectual property as well as technology is protected with legal laws and frameworks to preserve integrity and financial reporting transparency in the industry (Clayton Utz 2012). These are the various external factors which are observed to be quite favourable for Beehive marketing when performing its business operations in an effective manner. The internal environment of the company can be analysed in-depth with the identification of its internal strengths as well as weaknesses. In this respect, the key internal strength of Beehive is determined to be the employees or staffs. Notably, the employees in Beehive are ski lful as well as committed who perform their activities effectively. Moreover, the employees are also observed to be operating as a team which in return improves its workplace culture substantially and thus creates an indirect influence on its production efficiency. The company possesses a good brand image in the worldwide market segment which can also be attributed as one of its major strengths. Furthermore, the company with its business values and nature will be successful in offering better services in relation to marketing solutions for business sectors. The main weakness of the company is that it lacks adequate and proper office space employing 3 employees. Moreover, the company is also observed to be facing the issue of communication gap and control...In this respect, the key internal strength of Beehive is determined to be the employees or staffs. Notably, the employees in Beehive are skilful as well as committed who perform their activities effectively. Moreover, the employee s are also observed to be operating as a team which in return improves its workplace culture substantially and thus creates an indirect influence on its production efficiency. The company possesses a good brand image in the worldwide market segment which can also be attributed as one of its major strengths. Furthermore, the company with its business values and nature will be successful in offering better services in relation to marketing solutions for business sectors. The main weakness of the company is that it lacks adequate and proper office space employing 3 employees. Moreover, the company is also observed to be facing the issue of communication gap and control with clients as no specific communication measures have been adopted thus far. The team members of the company are also not offered with training facilities in relation to social media, copywriting as well as event management. The company is also perceived to be lacking commitment as well as business plan for future growth and prosperity.

Managing the Employment Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing the Employment Relationship - Essay Example However, regardless of the size of the organisation, it is advisable for employers to have effective systems for providing information and consultations with employees on a periodic basis (ACAS, 2005). This is particularly critical for small companies that are growing at a fast rate and need to have systems in place for employee engagement as is the case with the company under consideration. One form of employee representation is trade unions. Trade unions are associations of employees. Trade union is â€Å"an organization of workers that aims to protect and advance the interests of its members† (BIS, 2009). Their objective is to sustain and enhance the terms and conditions of work for their members. This is done through collective bargaining with employers. Recognition of the trade union by the company is very important for collective bargaining. Collective bargaining takes place when the trade union negotiates with the employer on behalf of the employees on matters regarding pay and other terms and conditions of employment. Trade unions are of four types: company union, general/industrial union, craft union and white collar union (Cole, 2003). Company union represent the employees in a single company. General or Industrial union represents employees from several companies belonging to the same industry. Craft union represents skilled workers in a specific field . White collar union represent white collar employees e.g., teachers and professors. Trade unions are set up to protect and promote the interests of employees. The existence of a trade union reduces the possibilities of industrial conflict (Dillon, 2009). Trade unions play a vital role in effective communication between management and employees. They provide the support system to ensure that the differences of opinion do not turn into major conflicts. Trade unions play an

Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue Ethics Essay

Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue Ethics - Essay Example Decisions and actions should be geared towards fulfilling obligations and existing laws. Consequently, acts that meet the expectations are considered ethical and those that do not meet the expectations are considered unethical. The theory therefore offers no regards to people’s immediate welfare, may subject actors to conflict of interest, and it is not based on rationale. Utilitarianism, however, focuses on consequences of an action or decision, instead of existing rules and obligation that a person has to others. According to utilitarian theory, negative and positive effects of a decision or actions are considered and net effects used to determine morality. Those acts and decisions that yield net benefits are considered ethical, unlike those that offer net harm. This establishes the basis of determining morality as a difference between deontology and utilitarianism as deontology relies on rules and obligations while utilitarianism relies on effects of an act or a decision. U tilitarianism also remedies deontology’s weakness of lack of rationale and this identifies a difference. Focusing on consequences also establishes consistency and therefore minimizes conflicts. However, the two theories aims at determining morality in actions and decisions (Manias, E., Manias, N., & Monroe, 2013). Analysis of virtue ethics, with the other two theories, also identifies both similarities and differences. The theory distinguishes rights and wrongs, just as deontology and utilitarianism.

Security of Social Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Security of Social Networks - Essay Example The explosion in social networking marks a new stage in the global evolution of technologies and media. Social networking is merely about technologies but about human interactions. For thousands of young people, creating and updating social network content is an important part of their daily routines and a driver of their identity formation (Livingstone 2008). It is through social networks that people create and reconstruct their identities and invite convergence among their daily activities and social networking technologies. The most popular social networks, Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace attract millions of new users every day. Social networking is often believed to be a technological embodiment of the twenty-first century’s lifelogging. In this sense, social networking can be legally defined as â€Å"the practice of using a web site or other interactive computer service to expand one’s business or social network†. These web-based applications and solutions ar e used by individuals and groups to construct a public or semi-public profile, create and articulate connections with other users of the same network, and view and manage their own and their friends’ connections within the given social network. The uniqueness of social networks is not only in that they allow for creating productive social connection but also that they make other social networks and connections visible to users. Social networks enhance public connectivity and impose new social expectations on users. Needless to say, not all social network users are fair and honest. Social networking has far-reaching legal implications. Apart from unprecedented self-expression and community engagement opportunities, social networking enables and facilitates the main dangers of the Internet age. More specifically, social networks attract those who use them to download malware, spam, steal private information and use it in criminal schemes (Nelson, Simek & Foltin 2009). Therefore , social networking is equally a remarkable achievement and a serious threat to the future of Internet technologies. Nonetheless, most, if not all, these threats can be easily tackled by means of wise social network policies, sophisticated security protection, regularly updated software and hardware, and perfect understanding of the risks posed by social networks in the global online reality. Legal controversies. Social networking is surrounded by much legal controversy. At once, the concept of social networking lacks a single legal definition (Terry 2010). Most of what is currently known about social networks and their legal features is due to the hard work of

Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Philosophy of Education - Essay Example Understanding students allow the teacher to know their capability and inability that will enable him address their needs effective. The definition that best fits education is Plato’s perspective. Plato views education as process of getting the prisoner out of the cave and empowering his with the skill that will enable him go for fellow prisoner left in the cave. This view illustrates the concept in all aspect prove what it should refill in an individual and the importance of the transformed individual to the society and the country at large. Eric’s comparison off education with value also draws my attention (John, 1693). According to him, education like value and irreproachable character cannot be realized by punishing or reward because when the reward will not be promised the student will not perform. This paper covers my theory of education, pedagogy, social and political component of education. After going through such elaborate and detailed experience in Plato’s parable and other issues, Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics and philosopher’s release, I now believe education is beyond the dictionary definition I knew. I view a student as volcano with the capability of erupt but lacking a trigger to induce the eruption. In my understanding, I consider education to as a trigger that can induce this objective. Every individual has the dream to attain; however, their potential may not be realized if the individual lacks the right information and if the imparting techniques employed in delivering this information right. I fully agree with Plato’s view of education. His description of education in his article Line and cave captures all the whole process of education in accurate and visual way than could be met by any definition. His view of education as getting a prisoner out of the cave prison, and empowering him with the right information, which will enable hi m go back and lift other prisoner effectively cover

Security of Social Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Security of Social Networks - Essay Example The explosion in social networking marks a new stage in the global evolution of technologies and media. Social networking is merely about technologies but about human interactions. For thousands of young people, creating and updating social network content is an important part of their daily routines and a driver of their identity formation (Livingstone 2008). It is through social networks that people create and reconstruct their identities and invite convergence among their daily activities and social networking technologies. The most popular social networks, Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace attract millions of new users every day. Social networking is often believed to be a technological embodiment of the twenty-first century’s lifelogging. In this sense, social networking can be legally defined as â€Å"the practice of using a web site or other interactive computer service to expand one’s business or social network†. These web-based applications and solutions ar e used by individuals and groups to construct a public or semi-public profile, create and articulate connections with other users of the same network, and view and manage their own and their friends’ connections within the given social network. The uniqueness of social networks is not only in that they allow for creating productive social connection but also that they make other social networks and connections visible to users. Social networks enhance public connectivity and impose new social expectations on users. Needless to say, not all social network users are fair and honest. Social networking has far-reaching legal implications. Apart from unprecedented self-expression and community engagement opportunities, social networking enables and facilitates the main dangers of the Internet age. More specifically, social networks attract those who use them to download malware, spam, steal private information and use it in criminal schemes (Nelson, Simek & Foltin 2009). Therefore , social networking is equally a remarkable achievement and a serious threat to the future of Internet technologies. Nonetheless, most, if not all, these threats can be easily tackled by means of wise social network policies, sophisticated security protection, regularly updated software and hardware, and perfect understanding of the risks posed by social networks in the global online reality. Legal controversies. Social networking is surrounded by much legal controversy. At once, the concept of social networking lacks a single legal definition (Terry 2010). Most of what is currently known about social networks and their legal features is due to the hard work of

Why is football the most popular sport in UK Essay

Why is football the most popular sport in UK - Essay Example Today many individuals are thoroughly involved in this game and the football fever has become so strong and viral that it has taken the height o0f obsession in many individuals. Football has many different forms which are actually seen in the past. Initially this sport started as a game for farmers who made use of a ball made out of animal skin for their entertainment purpose. This was the point where the game started and gained popularity among the local masses. The old school form of football can be traced back to the time when it started to be played in English schools around the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The game became so influential and famous that now it was not just confined to the British Empire but it started to spread abroad too. This game was altered and then was stitched according to the needs of the people who dwelled in the region. In the nineteenth century the first 'Football League' was established in England, which started to initiate football competitions on a professional level. This sport gradually became very popular and around the twentieth century it became one of the most popular sports played with a team throughout the world. Thus the game football which is renowned globally took its emergence from the contemporary football games of the British. Football is undoubtedly the most high profile and popular game in the United Kingdom and there is no second thought about that. This is not just the case now; football has had the same importance since generations. Today the case has just exaggerated a bit. The domination of football primarily in 1990's has emerged as a major threat to various other sports. In the United Kingdom many organs govern the football. 'The Football Association' primarily belonging to England and other bodies it has like Scottish, Irish, Welsh etc. these organizations are established so that they can run and look after their own national teams, work on football as a recreational sport and also to organize comp etitions for the cup. Although these association are not anymore quite significant as professional leagues have overshadowed their popularity. The home regions/nations are responsible to host their own club football tournaments within their district. There are four components in English football that contain a vast amount of football clubs which are merely based on a League system. The high class 'FA Premier League'comprises of20 teams and is the richest and successful football league present in the world. The remaining three completely professional components are then run by 'The Football League' which constitutes of the other seventy two clubs. Yearly growth,promotion and relegations work on the basis of these four components and apart from they also operate amongst the lowest of them and land the lower organs or the football not played within leagues. Apart from the professional clubs there are many small scale football clubs too that are outside the four main components,as well as many more clubs which are partially professional. In short England comprises of more than hundred clubs which are playing professionally altogether, hence England has the honor to house the most clubs than any region in Europe. The most famous and the main football cup competitions that are held in England is firstly the 'FA Cup' which is an open to all competition where all men can participate and battle on the field to win, despite only the major professional clubs are seen to reach the finale. The other famous cup competition that is held is known as the 'League Cup' which is now commonly referred to as the'Carling Cup', this cup competition is precisely for the 'ninety-two

Guidelines for Short Term Certificate Courses Essay Example for Free

Guidelines for Short Term Certificate Courses Essay Short Term Vocational Certificate Courses of Three months, Six months and One year duration are being introduced in the disciplines of Agriculture, Engineering Technology, Computer Science, Business Commerce, Home Science and Humanities, with the objective of providing training to SSC failed/passed students or candidates who are interested in acquiring job oriented skills and wish to join the world of work, to enable them to earn their livelihood. (Course details at AnnexureI . These courses are being introduced as self-financing courses. HOW TO APPLY 1. Any Private Institution / NGO having good track record in the field of providing training and having required infrastructure can start these Short Term Vocational Courses with the approval from the State Institute of Vocational Education, after they satisfy the norms prescribed herein. 2. Application forms can be obtained from the concerned District Vocational Educational Officers or from the office of the Director of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad by paying Rs. 100/- through Demand Draft in favour of Secretary, Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh, Nampally, Hyderabad or can be down loaded from BIE website at: www. bieap. gov. in under â€Å"vocational courses† pages 3. At the time of filing application the institute should provide information on class room infrastructure, On the Job Training linkage, faculty, Society registration or Certificate of incorporation, track record in the field of training opted for and tie up for placements of trained candidates. 4. Maximum number of sections permitted for any institution will be 9 only, of different durations. A minimum of two courses should be offered from different disciplines. 5. The filled in application along with all enclosures should be submitted to the concerned District Vocational Educational Officer before the prescribed date. An Inspection Fee of Rs. 500/= in case of Rural area and Rs. 1000/= in case of an Urban area, in the form of a demand Draft in favour of the 3 Secretary, BIE in any Nationalized Bank, payable at Hyderabad is to be enclosed. SANCTION PROCEDURE 6. A three men inspection committee consisting of 1] DVEO, 2] Principal of GJC and 3] Subject expert will inspect the Institutions and submit the feasibility report with recommendations to State Institute of Vocational Education [SIVE]. 7. Permission will be granted by the State Institute of Vocational Education [SIVE] on receipt of feasibility report from District Vocational Educational Officers concerned, on the available infrastructure and On the Job Training facilities with MOU tie up for placements. 8. At the time of applying for Short Term Vocational Courses the Institute should indicate the Industry / Workshops / Service Organisations in which On the Job Training will be provided. They should furnish the MOU with the training establishment along with the application. FEE PARTICULARS: 9. The Private Institution / NGO should pay Rs. 500/- per section per module as recognition fee through Demand Draft in favour of the Secretary, Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh, Nampally, Hyderabad after approval from the State Institute of Vocational Education. (Three months course; one module; Rs/ 500, six months course; two modules; Rs/ 1,000, One year course; three modules; Rs 1,500) 10. The maximum tuition fee to be collected from the student is Rs. 300/- Per Month. ADMISSION PROCEDURE: 11. The Head of the Institution / Correspondent / Principal of the concerned institute shall take up the admission process only after obtaining permission from the State Institute of Vocational Education [SIVE]. 12. The maximum intake shall be 40 [forty] students per section. 13. No age limit is prescribed for admission to these courses. 14. Selection Criteria: 4 Minimum qualifications for admission into these courses shall be as mentioned in Annexure – I. Candidates having higher qualification with an aptitude to learn the skills in the relevant field are also eligible for admission. SCHEME AND SYLLABUS: 15. The short-term courses are organized in to modules of three months duration each. The Institutions taking up Short Term Vocational Courses have to strictly follow the academic schedule, syllabus and On the Job Training pattern prescribed by the State Institute of Vocational Education [SIVE] including guidelines for conducting classes/ training, examination, evaluation etc from time to time. Copy of the syllabus can be obtained from DVEO. or can be down loaded from BIE website at: www. bieap. gov. in under â€Å"vocational courses† pages The Scheme of instruction prepared by the State Institute of Vocational Education as mentioned below has to be strictly followed. SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION FOR EACH MODULE Subject Theory Hours 72 Total 72 Weightage 30 30 Hours 216 216 On the Job Training [OJT] Weightage 70 70 Hours 288 288 Total Weightage 100 100 SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION/WEEK Subject Theory 6 On the Job Training [OJT] 18 Total 24 16. In order to provide job-oriented skills to students, greater emphasis shall be placed on, On the Job Training. The entire work relating to practicals / on the job training shall be conducted in workshops / Organisations / industries. On the Job Training to be provided in the workshops etc. shall be directly under the supervision of Master Trainer of the workshops / industries / Service Establishments. 5 SOME OF THE POSSIBLE ESTABLISHMENTS FOR PROVIDING ON THE JOB TRAINING ARE INDICATED BELOW. 1. Agriculture State Government Centres Private Reeling Centres/ ANGRAU, Hyderabad/Dairy Cattle farms/Fish farm/Government/University farms. 2. Business Commerce Banks / Commercial Establishments / Super Markets / Chartered Accountants / Tax Consultants / Commercial Institutes. NIIT/ CMC / APTECH / Locatiya Computers / Setwin / ITI /Polytechnic Colleges / only recognized Computer Labs / private computer labs Setwin/ITI Training Centres/ Polytechnics/ Tribal Welfare work centre/Automobile workshops Small medium Bakeries/Food Craft Institutions/Home science Colleges /Food catering Institution/Beauty parlors Hotels/ Garment Units/CMC ATC/Setwin. Star Hotels / Tourist Centres / Travel Agencies. 3. Computer Science 4. Engineering Technology. 5. Home Science 6. Humanities 17) There should be a Continuous check on the conduct of classes and attendance of students in the class and On the Job Training by the Principal and Master Trainer regularly. Minimum 90% attendance is essential for passing the module. The concerned District Vocational Education Officer would regularly inspect the teaching and training establishments 6 EXAMINATION AND CERTIFICATION: 18) In order to facilitate continuous evaluation for each module Theory and On the Job Training examination should be conducted at the end of first, second and third module. The Instructor associated with the course should assess the students in terms of their competency achieved. The Master Trainer/ Supervisor in the Industry / Business establishment/Organisation will also test and assess the student based on the Technical Skills acquired. At the end of the module examination will be conducted at institution level under the supervision and control of the District Examination Committee headed by DVEO as per the guidelines prescribed by the SIVE. The following system of grades has to be adopted for the purpose of performance appraisal of the students at the end of each module based on continuous evaluation duly giving 30% Weightage on performance in theory and 70% Weightage on performance in On the Job Training [OJT]. Award of Grades and entitled grade points Marks Range 90-100 70-89 Grades A B Sub Ranges 95-100 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 0-24 Grade Points 10 9 8. 5 8 7. 5 7 6. 5 6 5. 5 5 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 19) 20) 21) 50-69 C 40-49 30-39 0-29 D E F. 7 22) Grade card will be issued for each module after clearing the Theory and On the Job Training [OJT] with ‘D’ or higher grade in the module. Those getting less than ‘D’ grade will not be considered as pass in the module and they will have to repeat the module after taking fresh admission and only those passing in initial module will be eligible to join the next module. DVEO will issue a module completion certificate. After successful completion of entire course, a competency-based certificate will be given by the State Institute of Vocational Education [SIVE] through the DVEO concerned. 23) PLACEMENTS: 24) The Institute taking up Short Term Vocational Courses should take every measure to provide placement to the students by liaison with Business establishments /Industries / other establishments. Institutions should play a major role in placement of the passouts. Placement cell has to be created in the Institution. APPOINTMENT OF FACULTY: 25) The Principal / Correspondent is authorized to engage the teaching faculty. Qualifications for the Teaching Faculty course wise shall be as mentioned in the Annexure II. Sd/- SHASHANK GOEL DIRECTOR OF INTERMEIDATE EDUCATION. 8 ANNEXURE I MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION FOR 3 MONTHS [One Module], 6 MONTHS [Two Modules] ONE YEAR COURSES [Three Modules]. Sl. Course No. I. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 II. 8 9 10 11 12 III. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 AGRICULTURE: Bee-Keeping [Apiculture] Mushroom Culture Veterinary Compounder Sericulture Assistant Farm Assistant Fisheries Assistant Gardener Training Course BUSINESS COMMERCE: Accountancy Taxation Salesmanship Typewriting English Shorthand COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSES: Web Designing Internet Computer Maintenance M. S. Office Unix C C++ V. B. Oracle VB ASP Oracle with D2K Oracle with DBA DTP Auto CAD One One One One One One One One One One Three Months Three Months Three Months Three Months Three Months Three Months Three Months Three Months Three Months Three Months SSC Failed SSC Failed Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Three Three Three Three Three One year One year One year One year One Year Intermediate Intermediate SSC SSC Failed SSC One One Three Three Three Three Two Three Months Three Months One Year One Year One Year One Year Six Months SSC. Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed Module Duration Qualification 9 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Accounting Package Computer Application Information Technology Hardware Technology Data Entry Multimedia, Graphic Animation Advanced Certificate Course in Computer Application Advanced Certificate Course in Information Technology ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY: Motor Driving Plastic Technology Auto Electrician Electrician Plumbing Welding Carpentry Building Construction Automobile Engg. Technology Air-Condition Refrigeration Radio TV Technician HOME SCIENCE COURSES: Apparel construction Tie Die, Block, Batik, Screen-printing Computer based fashion designing One One One Three Months Three Months Three Months SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed One Two Two Two Two Two Two Three Three Three Three Three Months Six Months Six Months Six Months. Six Months Six Months Six Months One Year One Year One Year One Year SSC Failed SSC failed SSC failed SSC failed SSC failed SSC failed SSC failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed One Two Two Two Two Two Three Three Months Six Months Six Months Six Months Six Months Six Months One Year Intermediate SSC failed SSC failed SSC failed SSC failed SSC failed SSC Failed 30 Three One Year SSC Failed IV. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 V. 42 43 44 10 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 VI. 56 57 Soft Toys Flower Making Beautician course Embroidery Zig – Zag Cookery Bakery confectionery Hotel Management Food Preservation Processing Fashion Designing Textile Designing Interior Designing HUMANITIES COURSES: Receptionist Tourism Management Three Three One Year One Year SSC SSC One One One One Two Three Three Three Three Three Three Months Three Months Three Months Three Months Six Months One Year One Year One Year One Year One Year One Year SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Failed SSC Preprimary Teacher Training Three 11 ANNEXURE II QUALIFICATIONS FOR TEACHING FACULTY- COURSE WISE. I. AGRICULTURE 1. Mushroom culture QUALIFICATION. B. Sc. (Agriculture), B. Sc. (Horticulture) with background of plant pathology/ any diploma in concerned course / Certificate Course. M. Sc. (Entomology) / B. Sc. [Agriculture] any diploma in concerned course / Certificate Course. B. V. sc. , /B. Sc (Dairying)/Diploma in concerned course 4. Sericulture Assistant M. Sc. [Sericulture] / M. Sc. [Zoology] / B. Sc. , with Entomology / Diploma in concerned course / Certificate Course. B. Sc [Horticulture]/ B. Sc [Agriculture]/ Diploma in concerned course / Certificate Course. M. Sc (Zoology) with Fisheries and Aquaculture Specialisation/B. FSc / B. Sc with Fisheries. B. Sc Horticulture/M. Sc Agriculture with Two Years experience, B. Sc Horticulture/ Diploma in concerned course /Certificate Course. 2. Bee-Keeping [Apiculture] 3. Veterinary Compounder 5. Farm Assistant 6. Fisheries Assistant 7. Gardener Training Course 12 II. BUSINESS COMMERCE QUALIFICATION M. Com / B. Com. M. Com / B. Com. , with Specialisation in Income Tax M. Com / B. Com. , with P. G. Diploma in Marketing / Salesmanship. Graduation with Type Higher/ Intermediate Office Assistantship Vocational Course. Graduation with Shorthand 8. Accountancy 9. Taxation 10. Salesmanship 11. Typewriting 12. Shorthand III. COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSES 13. Web Designing and Internet QUALIFICATION BCA/MCA/B. Tech/M. Sc Computer Science Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/B. Tech/M. Sc Computer Science Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject M. CA/BCA/M. Sc/B. TEC/M. Sc Home Science Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject M. CA/BCA/M. Sc Computer Science/ B. TEC/ Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject 14. Computer Maintenance 15. M. S. Office 16. Unix C and C++ 17. VB and Oracle 13 18. VB and ASP BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. Any Advanced diploma in concerned subject BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science/ B. Tech. BCA/MCA/M. Sc computer Science / B. Tech. 19. Oracle with DBA 20. Oracle with D2K 21. DTP 22. Auto CAD 23. Accounting package 24. Computer Application 25. Information Technology 26. Hardware Technology 27. Data Entry 14 28. Multimedia Graphic Animation BCA/MCA/M. Sc Computer Science / B. Tech. 29. Advanced Certificate Course in Computer Application Advanced CertficateCourse in Information Technology M. CA/BCA/M. Sc computer Science/B. Tech/AMIE in CS/BOL C level of DOEA Examation/any advanced diploma in concerned subject. IV. ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 31. Motor Driving QUALIFICATION. Diploma in Automobile Engineering, ITI Certificate in motor driving with 3 years experience. Diploma in Mechanical Engineering/ any Certificate in Plastic Technology with 3 years experience in the concerned course. Diploma in Automobile Engineering/ITI Certificate in Auto Electrician Trade with 2 years experience. Diploma in Electrical Engineering/ITI Certificate in Electrician Trade. Diploma in Civil Engineering/ITI Certificate in plumbing with experience. Diploma in Mechanical Engineering/ITI Certificate in welding with 2 years experience. Diploma in Mechanical Engineering/ITI Certificate in carpentry with 3 years experience. 32. Plastic Technology 33. Auto Electrician 34. 35. 36. Electrician Plumbing Welding 37. Carpentry 15 38. Building Construction B. E (Civil)/Diploma in civil Eng. /ITI certificate in the field of Civil Engg. Work/An experienced (10 Years) Mason with experience in Civil Constructions Work. B. E (Mechanical)/ Diploma in Automobile EngITI certificate in the field of Automobile Engg. Work/A 2 Wheeler/ 4 Wheeler Mechanic with 5 years experience. B. E (Mechanical) /Diploma in Mechanical Engg. / A Mechanic in Refrigeration and Air conditioning field with 5 Years experience. B. E (Electronics)/ Diploma in Electronics and Communication/A Radio and TV Mechanic with 5 years experience. QUALIFICATION Any related certificate holders from Setwin/ Women welfare department/ Janasikshana Samsthan/ Intermediate (Voc) with Commercial Garment Design Making. B. Sc. , (Home Science) Textiles and Clothing/ Any related certificate holders from Setwin / Women welfare department/ Janasikshana Samsthan / Vocational lecturer of the concerned subjects. Any D. C. A with degree/ B. C. A / Intermediate (Voc) with Fashion Garment Making Any related certificate holders from Setwin/ Women welfare department/ Janasikshana Samsthan. 39. Automobile Engineering Technology 40. Air-condition Refrigeration 41. Radio TV Technician V. HOME SCEINCE COURSE 42. Apparel constructions 43. Tie Die Block, Batik screen-printing 44. Computer based fashion designing 16 45. Soft toys Flower making. Related certificate holders from Setwin/ Women welfare departments/ Jana Sikshana Samsthan/ Intermediate (Voc) with Creche and Pre School Management course. Any graduate preferable Home Science / any graduate with Diploma certificate in Beauty culture. B. Sc. (Home Science)/Graduate of Hotel Management course/ Senior Cook of reputed hotels Related certificate holders from Setwin/ Women welfare departments/ Jana Sikshana Samsthan. 46. Beautician Course 47. Cookery 48. Bakery and Confectionery B. Sc. with Bakery as one of the subject/ Certificate in Catering Technology/ Diploma in Bakery and Confectionery Related certificate holders from Setwin/ Women welfare departments/ Jana Sikshana Samsthan. 49. Embroidery Zig – Zag B. Sc. [H. Sc] with Diploma in Embroidery / Diploma in Fashion Design or Inter Vocational CGDM Fashion Garment Making with Diploma in Embroidery Fashion Design, Related certificate holders from Setwin/ Women welfare departments/ Jana Sikshana Samsthan. B. Sc (Home Science) in Home Management/ Diploma in House keeping/ two years experience in house keeping in any Institution. B. Sc Home Science in Nutrition/ Diploma in Dietics Nutrition . B. Sc Home Science / Degree with P. G. Diploma, Inter Vocational CGDM Fashion Garment Making. 50. Diploma in Hotel Management 51. Food Preservation Processing 52. Fashion Designing 17 53. Textile Designing B. Sc in textile and clothing /Diploma in Textile Designing with knowledge of computer, Related certificate holders from Setwin/ Women welfare departments/ Jana Sikshana Samsthan. B. Sc in resource Management Consumer Science/Family Resource Management/B. Arch (Interior Design)/ P. G (Interior Design) B. Sc (Interior Design), Related certificate holders from Setwin/ Women welfare departments/ Jana Sikshana Samsthan. B. Sc with child development Family relations/ B. Ed. Candidates / P. G diploma in Early child hood care Education, Intermediate (Voc) with Creche and Pre School Management course. 54. Interior Designing 55. Preprimary Teacher Training VI. 56. 57. HUMANITIES COURSES: Tourism Management Receptionist QUALIFICATION PG in Tourism / PG in Social Science with PG Diploma in Tourism and Travel Any degree with Front Office or Diploma in Hotel Management Or Degree in Hotel Management.

Multi-Campus ICT Equipment Virtualization Architecture

Multi-Campus ICT Equipment Virtualization Architecture Multi-campus ICT equipment virtualization architecture  for cloud and NFV integrated service Abstract- We propose a virtualization architecture for multicampus  information and communication technology (ICT)  equipment with integrated cloud and NFV capabilities. The  aim of this proposal is to migrate most of ICT equipment on  campus premises into cloud and NFV platforms. Adopting this  architecture would make most of ICT services secure and  reliable and their disaster recovery (DR) economically  manageable. We also analyze a cost function and show cost advantages of  this proposed architecture, describe implementation design  issues, and report a preliminary experimentation of NFV DR  transaction. This architecture would encourage academic  institutes to migrate their own ICT systems located on their  premises into a cloud environments. Keywords; NFV, Data Center Migration, Disaster Recovery,  Multi-campus network I. INTRODUCTION There are many academic institutions that have multiple  campuses located in different cities. These institutions need  to provide information and communication technology (ICT)  services, such as E-learning services, equally for all students  on each campus. Usually, information technology (IT)  infrastructures, such as application servers, are deployed at a  main campus, and these servers are accessed by students on  each campus. For this purpose, each local area network  (LAN) on each campus is connected to a main campus LAN  via a virtual private network (VPN) over a wide area  network (WAN). In addition, Internet access service is  provided to all students on the multi-campus environment. To access the Internet, security devices, such as firewalls and  intrusion detection systems (IDSs), are indispensable as they  protect computing resources from malicious cyber activities. With the emergence of virtualization technologies such  as the cloud computing[1] and network functions  virtualization (NFV)[2], [3], we expected that ICT  infrastructures such as compute servers, storage devices, and  network equipment can be moved from campuses to  datacenters (DCs) economically. Some organizations have  begun to move their ICT infrastructures from their own  premises to outside DCs in order to improve security,  stability, and reliability. Also, there are a lot of contributions  to archiving DR capabilities with cloud technologies [4], [5], [6]. Active-passive replication or active-active replication are  expected techniques that archive DR capabilities. In these  replications, a redundant backup system is required  dedicatedly at a secondary site. With migration recovery [4],  these backup resources can be shared among many users.   These studies mainly focus on the application servers. While,  integrated DR capability for ICT infrastructures, both  application and network infrastructures, are still immature.   We propose a multi-campus ICT equipment virtualization  architecture for integrated cloud and NFV capabilities. The  aim of this proposal is to migrate entire ICT infrastructures  on campus premises into cloud and NFV platforms.   Adopting this architecture for multi-campus networks would  improve access link utilization, security device utilization,  network transmission delay, disaster tolerance, and  manageability at the same time.   We also analyze the cost function and show cost  advantages of this proposed architecture.   To evaluate the feasibility of our proposed architecture,  we built a test bed on SINET5 (Science Information  NETwork 5) [7], [8], [9]. We describe the test-bed design,  and preliminary experimentation on reducing the recovery  time of VNF is reported. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II  shows background of this work. Section III shows proposed  multi-campus network virtualization architecture. Section IV  shows an evaluation of the proposed architecture in terms of  cost advantages and implementation results. Section V  concludes the paper, and future work is discussed   II. BACKGROUND OF THIS WORK SINET5 is a Japanese academic backbone network for  about 850 research institutes and universities and provide  network services to about 30 million academic users.   SINET5 was wholly constructed and put into operation in  April 2016. SINET5 plays an important role in supporting a  wide range of research fields that need high-performance  connectivity, such as high-energy physics, nuclear fusion  science, astronomy, geodesy, seismology, and computer  science. Figure 1 shows the SINET5 architecture. It provides  points of presence, called SINET-data centers (DCs), and  SINET DCs are deployed in each prefecture in Japan. On  each SINET DC, an internet protocol (IP) router, MPLS-TP  system, and ROADM are deployed. The IP router  accommodates access lines from research institutes and  universities. All Every pairs of internet protocol (IP) routers  are connected by a paier of MPLS-TP paths. These paths  achieves low latency and high reliability. The IP routers and  MPLS-TP systems are connected by a 100-Gbps-based  optical path. Therefore, data can be transmitted from a  SINET DC to another SINET DC in up to 100 Gbps  throughput. In addition, users, who have 100 Gpbs access  lines, can transmit data to other users in up to 100 Gbps  throughput.   Currently, SINET5 provides a direct cloud connection  service. In this service, commercial cloud providers connect  their data centers to the SINET5 with high-speed link such as  10 Gbps link directly. Therefore, academic users can access  cloud computing resources with very low latency and high  bandwidth via SINET5. Thus, academic users can receive  high-performance computer communication between  campuses and cloud computing resources. Today, 17 cloud  service providers are directly connected to SINET5 and more  than 70 universities have been using cloud resources directly  via SINET5. To evaluate virtual technologies such as cloud computing  and NFV technologies, we constructed at test-bed platform  (shown as NFV platform in fig. 1) and will evaluate the  network delay effect for ICT service with this test bed. NFV  platform are constructed at four SINET-DCs on major cities  in Japan: Sapporo, Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka. At each site,  the facilities are composed of computing resources, such as  servers and storages, network resources, such as layer-2  switches, and controllers, such as NFV orchestrator, and  cloud controller. The layer-2 switch is connected to a  SINET5 router at the same site with high speed link,  100Gbps. The cloud controller configures servers and  storages and NFV orchestrator configures the VNFs on NFV  platform. And user can setup and release VPNs between  universities, commercial clouds and NFV platforms  dynamically over SINET with on-demand controller. This  on-demand controller setup the router with NETCONF  interface. Also, this on-demand controller setup the VPN corelated  with NFV platform with REST interface.   Today there are many universities which has multiple  campus deployed over wide area. In this multi-campus  university, many VPNs (VLANs), ex hundreds of VPNs, are  desired to be configured over SINET to extend inter-campus  LAN. In order to satisfy this demand, SINET starts new  VPN services, called virtual campus LAN service. With this  service, layer 2 domains of multi-campus can be connected  as like as layer 2 switch using preconfigured VLAN rages   (ex. 1000-2000). III. PROPOSED MULTI-CAMPUS ICT EQUIPMENT  VIRTUALIZATION ARCHITECTURE In this section, the proposed architecture is described.   The architecture consists of two parts. First, we describe the  network architecture and clarify the issues with it. Next, a  NFV/cloud control architecture is described.   A. Proposed multi-campus network architecture   Multi-campus network architecture is shown in Figure 2.   There are two legacy network architectures and a proposed  network architecture. In legacy network architecture 1 (LA1),  Internet traffic for multiple campuses is delivered to a main  campus (shown as a green line) and checked by security  devices. After that, the internet traffic is distributed to each  campus (shown as a blue line). ICT Applications, such as Elearning  services, are deployed in a main campus and access  traffic to ICT application is carried by VPN over SINET  (shown as a blue line). In legacy network architecture 2  (LA2), the Internet access is different from LA1. The  Internet access is directly delivered to each campus and  checked by security devices deployed at each campus. In the  proposed architecture (PA), the main ICT application is  moved from a main campus to an external NFV/cloud DC.   Thus, students on both main and sub-campuses can access  ICT applications via VPN over SINET. Also, internet traffic  traverses via virtual network functions (VNFs), such as  virtual routers and virtual security devices, located at  NFV/cloud DCs. Internet traffic is checked in virtual security  devices and delivered to each main/sub-campus via VPN  over SINET. There are pros and cons between these architectures.   Here, they are compared across five points: access link  utilization, security device utilization, network transmission  delay, disaster tolerance, and manageability.   (1) Access link utilization The cost of an access link from sub-campus to WAN is  same in LA1, LA2 and PA. While, the cost of an access link  from a main campus to WAN of LA1 is larger than LA2 and PA because redundant traffic traverses through the link.   While, in PA, an additional access link from a NFV/cloud  DC to WAN is required. Thus, evaluating the total access link  cost is important. In this evaluation, it is assumed that  additional access links from NFV/cloud DCs to WAN are  shared among multiple academic institutions who use the  NFV/cloud platform and that the cost will be evaluated  taking this sharing into account. (2) Security device utilization LA1 and PA is more efficient than LA2 because Internet traffic is concentrated in LA1 and PA and a statistically multiplexed traffic effect is expected.  In addition to it, in PA, the amount of physical  computing resources can be suppressed because virtual  security devices share physical computing resources among  multiple users. Therefore, the cost of virtual security devices  for each user will be reduced. (3) Network transmission delay Network delay due to Internet traffic with LA1 is longer  than that with LA2 and PA because Internet traffic to subcampuses  is detoured and transits at the main campus in LA1,  however, in LA2, network delay of Internet to sub-campuses  is directly delivered from an Internet exchange point on a  WAN to the sub-campus, so delay is suppressed. In PA,  network delay can be suppressed because the NFV and cloud  data center can be selected and located near an Internet  access gateway on WAN. While, the network delay for ICT application services  will be longer in PA than it in LA1 and LA2. Therefore, the  effect of a longer network delay on the quality of IT  application services has to be evaluated.   (4) Disaster tolerance   Regarding Internet service, LA1 is less disaster tolerant  than LA2. In LA1, when a disaster occurs around the main  campus and the network functions of the campus go down,  students on the other sub-campuses cannot access the  internet at this time. Regarding IT application service, IT services cannot be  accessed by students when a disaster occurs around the main  campus or data center. While, in PA, NFV/cloud DC is  located in an environment robust against earthquakes and  flooding. Thus, robustness is improved compared with LA1  and LA2. Today, systems capable of disaster recovery (DR) are  mandatory for academic institutions. Therefore, service  disaster recovery functionality is required. In PA, back up  ICT infrastructures located at a secondary data center can be  shared with another user. Thus, no dedicated redundant  resources are required in steady state operation, so the  resource cost can be reduced. However, if VM migration  cannot be fast enough to continue services, active-passive or  active-passive replication have to be adopted. Therefore,  reducing recovery time is required to adapt migration  recovery to archive DR manageability more economically   (5) Manageability LA1 and PA is easier to manage than LA2. Because  security devices are concentrated at a site (a main campus or  NFV/cloud data center), the number of devices can be  reduced and improving manageability.   There are three issues to consider when adopting the PA.   Evaluating the access link cost of an NFV/cloud  data center. Evaluating the network delay effect for ICT services.   Evaluating the migration period for migration  recovery replication. B. NFV and cloud control architecture  For the following two reasons, there is strong demand to  use legacy ICT systems continuously. Thus, legacy ICT  systems have to be moved to NFV/cloud DCs as virtual  application servers and virtual network functions. One reason  is that institutions have developed their own legacy ICT  systems on their own premises with vender specific features.   The second reason is that an institutions work flows are not  easily changed, and the same usability for end users is  required. Therefore, their legacy ICT infrastructures  deployed on a campus premises should be continuously used  in the NFV/cloud environment. In the proposed multicampus  architecture, these application servers and network  functions are controlled by using per-user orchestrators.   Figure 3 shows the proposed control architecture. Each  institution deploys their ICT system on IaaS services. VMs  are created and deleted through the application interface  (API), which is provided by IaaS providers. Each institution  sets up an NFV orchestrator, application orchestrator, and  management orchestrator on VMs. Both active and standby  orchestrators are run in primary and secondary data centers,  respectively, and both active and standby orchestrators check  the aliveness of each other. The NFV orchestrator creates the  VMs and installs the virtual network functions, such as  routers and virtual firewalls, and configures them. The  application orchestrator installs the applications on VMs and  sets them up. The management orchestrator registers these  applications and virtual network functions to monitoring  tools and saves the logs outputted from the IT service  applications and network functions. When an active data center suffers from disaster and the  active orchestrators go down, the standby orchestrators  detect that the active orchestrators are down. They start  establishing the virtual network functions and application  and management functions. After that, the VPN is connected  to the secondary data center being co-operated with the VPN  controller of WAN. In this architecture, each institution can select NFV  orchestrators that support a users legacy systems.   IV. EVALUATION OF PROPOSED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE This section details an evaluation of the access link cost  of proposed network architecture. Also, the test-bed  configuration is introduced, and an evaluation of the  migration period for migration recovery is shown.   A. Access link cost of NFV/cloud data center  In this sub-section, an evaluation of the access link cost  of PA compared with LA1 is described.   First, the network cost is defined as follows.   There is an institution, u, that has a main campus and nu  sub-campuses. The traffic amount of institution u is defined as follows  different sites can be connected between a user site and cloud  sites by a SINET VPLS (Fig. 7). This VPLS can be dynamically established by a portal that uses the REST  interface for the on-demand controller. For upper-layer  services such as Web-based services, virtual network  appliances, such as virtual routers, virtual firewalls, and  virtual load balancers, are created in servers through the  NFV orchestrater. DR capabilities for NFV orchestrator is  under deployment. C. Migiration period for disaster recovery   We evaluated the VNF recovering process for disaster  recovery. In this process, there are four steps.   Step 1: Host OS installation Step 2: VNF image copy Step 3: VNF configuration copy Step 4: VNF process activation This process is started from the host OS installation because  there are VNFs that are tightly coupled with the host OS and  hypervisor. There are several kinds and versions of host OS,  so the host OS can be changed to suite to the VNF. After  host OS installation, VNF images are copied into the created  VMs. Then, the VNF configuration parameters are adjusted  to the attributions of the secondary data center environment  (for example, VLAN-ID and IP address), and the  configuration parameters are installed into VNF. After that,  VNF is activated. In our test environment, a virtual router can be recovered  from the primary data center to the secondary data center,  and the total duration of recovery is about 6 min. Each  duration of Steps 1-4 is 3 min 13 sec, 3 min 19 sec, 11 sec,  and 17 sec, respectively. To shorten the recovery time, currently, the standby VNF  is able to be pre-setup and activated. If the same  configuration can be applied in the secondary data center  network environment, snapshot recovering is also available.  In this case, Step 1 is eliminated, and Steps 2 and 3 are  replaced by copying a snap shot of an active VNF image,  which takes about 30 sec. In this case, the recovering time is  about 30 sec. V. CONCLUSION Our method using cloud and NFV functions can achieve  DR with less cost. We proposed a multi-campus equipment  virtualization architecture for cloud and NFV integrated  service. The aim of this proposal is to migrate entire ICT  infrastructures on campus premises into cloud and NFV  platforms. This architecture would encourage academic  institutions to migrate their own developed ICT systems located on their premises into a cloud environment. Adopting  this architecture would make entire ICT systems secure and  reliable, and the DR of ICT services could be economically  manageable. In addition, we also analyzed the cost function, and  showed a cost advantages of this proposed architecture  described implementation design issues, and reported a  preliminary experimentation of the NFV DR transaction/